求教,一元一次spss线性回归预测的预测值之和与原(源)数据之和不等?

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第二章 一元线性回归与预测
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第二章 一元线性回归与预测
官方公共微信一元线性回归分析&(excel,R&软件,SPSS,stata,Minitab)
一元线性回归 Simple Linear
Regression
Regression
with a Single Continuous Explanatory Variable
(关于残差的3个假设)
of the residuals is constant, whatever the value of
x. This means that if we
take a slice through the scatter plot of y versus x at any particular value of
x, the y values have approximately the
same variation as at any other value of x. If the variance is constant,
we say the residuals are homoskedastic. Otherwise they
are said to be heteroskedastic.&&
with one another, i.e. they are independent. Correlations might
arise if some individuals contribute more than one observation
(e.g. repeated measures) or if individuals are clustered in some
way (e.g. in schools). If it is suspected that residuals are
correlated, the regression model needs to be modified, e.g. to a
multilevel
model.&&&&
and unexplained variance and R-squared
[能解释和不能解释的变异,以及R的平方]
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&响应
= 系统部分 +&随机部分
the random part is the residual
between the response and the predictor(s),
while the random part is what is
left over (the unexplained part) after taking account of
the included
predictor(s).&&&
. The part of the
variance in Y that is explained by X (the systematic part of the
model) is called the explained variance in Y.
(no correspondence) and 1
(complete correspondence).
R-squared can also be interpreted as the proportion of the total variance in Y
that can be explained by variability in
Hypothesis
testing 假设检验
.& 实践中用Z-rato检验,
很少用置信区间检验
- predicted&
ri which we obtain by
dividing residual
. If the normality
assumption holds, the points in a normal plot should lie on a
straight line.
against X and
check that the vertical scatter of the residuals is roughly the
same for different values of X with no ‘funnelling’.
. We would expect
approximately 95% of the residuals to lie between &2 and
还可以从以上任何残差图中检查异常值. 异常值是那些残差特别大的点. 期望约95%的残差居于正负2之间.
. If the results are very similar to those based on
all observations, we would conclude that the outlier does not have
undue influence. An observation’s influence can also be measured by
a statistic called Cook’s
&----------------------------------实例-------------------------------
&一元线性回归分析的F检验、t检验都与相关系数检验等价,故通常只需要3个方面的检验:相关系数、标准误差和DW值检验(Durbin-Watson
test,该检验的统计用表可以百度一下)。
数据 (在excel中单列, 太长, 修改成如下形式, 少占地方)
1 用excel 2007分析
在“数据”下拉菜单,可以找到“数据分析”选项框,左击之显示“分析工具A”,在里面找到“回归”分析工具:
Y就是dependent or response variable, X 就是independent,
explanatory, or predictor variable,要选中或者输入它们所在的区域。
标志:选中时,指定第一行是变量名
常数为零:选中时,拟合的模型没有截距。
置信度:默认值是95%。
输出选项:用于指定输出位置
残差:用于指定输出的残差图种类。
正态分布:选中后将给出正态概率图。
完成各个选项后,点击确定,即可得到相应的表格(SUMMARY OUTPUT, RESIDUAL OUTPUT,
PROBABILITY OUTPUT),残差图等。
-------------------------------
------------------------------------
(y的均值)]=
0.0037&10%
。标准化残差等于残差值
,因此无法很好地指示异常值:相应
。计算观测值的
---------------------下图是自己动手画的, 可能是版本有问题,
自动输出的图没法看---------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
部分(在“会话”窗,点右键,选择“发送节到
回归分析:y 与 x
回归方程为
y = 2.55 + 1.81 x
自变量&&&&
系数标准误&&&&&&
2.5536&&&&&
1.81460&&&&
S = 0.368925&&
R-Sq = 100.0%&&
R-Sq(调整)
自由度&&&&
MS&&&&&&&&&
回归&&&&&&&&&&
残差误差&&&&&
合计&&&&&&&&&
异常观测值
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
拟合值&&&&&&&&&
观测值&&&&
表示此观测值含有大的标准化残差
Durbin-Watson
统计量 = 2.02262
下面是三种残差图,实践中选一种即可
-------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------以上是SPSS输出结果------------------------------------------
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