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> 经纪人：CLIENT和CUSTOMER的区别
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经纪人：CLIENT和CUSTOMER的区别
在加拿大投资置业或出售房产, 往往需要借助于房地产经纪人的帮助. 如果在正式与房地产经纪人打交道之前, 您能清楚的理解CLIENT和CUSTOMER之间的区别, 会让您少走许多弯路, 加强您和您的经纪人之间的沟通和理解, 有助于您顺利地买到您的理想物业, 或高效地售出房产.
很多人可能将CLIENT和CUSTOMER理解成同义词. 其实在加拿大的法律上, 这两个词有着两种完全不同的内涵, 而且他们之间的差别直接影响您买卖房屋的过程和结果.
CLIENT, 中文翻译为客户. 而CUSTOMER, 则是指消费者. 可能大多数的国内来的移民都知道, 中国有一个"消费者权益保护法"用来保护消费者的权益. 而在加拿大, 则把CLIENT与CUSTOMER严格地区分开来, 目的是更大程度上保护CLIENT的利益, 而不是保护CUSTOMER的利益.
举例说明, 如果我们到超市买东西, 对超市的服务人员来说, 我们是消费者, 他们真正保护的应该是他(她)们的雇主的利益, 而给我们消费者提供的是公平合理的商品价格及礼貌的服务. 而如果我们在打官司, 那么对律师来说, 我们就是他们的CLIENT. 这样一来, 律师的责任要求他们, 须从自己的CLIENT的角度出发, 提供更专业的服务, 最大程度的保护客户的利益.
同样道理, 加拿大相关的法律法规规定, 每一个房地产经纪人对CUSTOMER及CLIENT提供两种完全不同的服务.
对CUSTOMER, 经纪人需要提供的服务只有三个要求: HONESTY(诚实), FAIRNESS(公平) 及DUE CARE(适当注意). 除此而外, 不做其他的要求.
对CLIENT, 经纪人作为受委托人, 则要求提供更高层次的5种责任和义务:
DISCLOSURE, 经纪人有责任收集并告知自己的客户任何有关客户感兴趣的物业的相关信息;
COMPETENCE, 作为委托人的代理人, 地产经纪人必须运用自己的专业知识, 业务技巧, 常年经验保持一定程度的竞争能力, 以期保护客户的利益;
OBEDIENCE, 地产经纪人在房产交易过程中, 必须听从客户合理并且合法的指示, 即使经纪人本人不同意客户的指示;
ACCOUNTABILITY, 在房产交易中涉及到的资金及各种法律文书, 地产经纪人有责任和义务保证其安全;
CONFIDENTIALITY, 地产经纪人必须对自己客户的各种重要信息保密.
在了解了CLIENT及CUSTOMER之间的差别之后, 可能有人会思考, 什么样的情况下自己是CUSTOMER, 什么样的情况下是CLIENT. 本篇仅以买房者为例:
如果你直接找卖方代理而不通过自己的买房经纪人谈合同买房, 对卖方代理来说, 售房者是他(她)的CLIENT, 你是CUSTOMER;
如果是DUAL AGENT的情况, 您虽然是双方共同经纪人的CLIENT, 但经纪人只能公平对待买卖双方;
如果你经常换不同的经纪人看房, 而并没有签署BUYER AGENCY AGREEMENT, 对每一个带您看看房的经纪人而言, 您只是他(她)们的CUSTOMER;
如果您通过签署BUYER AGENCY AGREEMENT, 由您自己的AGENT看房买房, 那么您的经纪人必须向您提供CLIENT SERVICE.
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◆博雅美景(点击看大图)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
◆博雅西园历次会议纪要或通告(初步整理完毕，随时补充)
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通信地址：“北京市海淀区农大南路厢黄旗43号/博雅西园×号楼×单元×××室；邮编：100094”() 物业直拨：；物业总机：/28转各部门；宋经理：直拨() 博雅西园业主委员会 热线电话℡：(小灵通) () 博雅西园业主委员会 办公室电话℡：(直拨)；办公地点：20号楼地下室一层() 树村社区居民委员会电话℡：；办公地点：树村南路东侧（马连洼派出所后侧）() 金房供暖：93838() 开发商工程部：() 开发商房产证办公室：7（原作废）() 担保中心抵押登记咨询电话：；担保中心咨询热线：() 北京市房地产交易中心电话：；取房产证：一号楼五层2508() 歌华有线：96196；苏州桥服务站：；地址：北外附近久凌大厦北座1层(带户主证明、银行存折办理银行交费手续)() 中国银行海淀支行个贷部：；提前还贷：(周一至周五9-11,13-15:30，带身份证、借款合同、存折即可)() 提前还贷计算器(08新利率)： () 北京市城管执法热线：96310() 会所定餐：（转一个分机，比较麻烦）() 大鸭梨定餐：()
◆博雅西园出行手册() () () ()
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老大兴趣广泛呀~~~~
好好学习，天天向上！
现贷商品经纪人的运作程序根据不同商品交易的特点而定，一般来说，首先经纪人要有适当的客户；第二与客户签订委托协议；第三按照委托协议规定的权利义务及有关内容为委托人提供经纪服务；第四提供经纪服务后收取相应的佣金。
经纪活动，一般包括居间、行纪和代理三种方式。
1) 居间，是指经纪人为交易双方提供信息、条件及媒介撮合双方交易成功的商业行为。这是经纪行为中广泛采用的一种初级形式。其特点是服务对象广泛，但服务的程度较浅，经纪人与委托人之间缺乏长期固定的合作关系。
2) 行纪，是指经纪人受委托人的委托，以自己的名义与第三方进行交易，并承担规定的法律责任的商业行为。在形式上行纪与自营很相似，但是经纪人并未取得交易商品的所有权，他是为了委托方的利益而进行活动，作为经纪人仅仅是得到委托人给他的佣金。行纪活动的服务内容较深，经纪人拥有的权利和承担的责任也较重。在通常情况下，经纪人与委托人之间有长期固定的合作关系。
3) 代理，是指经纪人在受托权限内，以委托人名义与第三方进行交易，并由委托人直接承担相应的法律责任的商业行为。经纪活动中的代理，属于一种狭义的商事代理活动。其特点是经纪人与委托人之间有较长期稳定的合作关系，经纪人只能以委托人的名义开展活动，活动中产生的权利和责任归委托人，经纪人只收取委托人的佣金。
渡尽劫波兄弟在，相逢一笑泯恩仇！　　
◆power文集(共8篇)
() () () () () () () () ()
◆博雅妙文(共7篇)
(5楼住户,)
(好好过日子吧,)
(5楼住户,)
(收房联盟集体,)
◆博雅美景(点击看大图)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
◆博雅西园历次会议纪要或通告(初步整理完毕，随时补充)
(博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (power2004录音整理,) (power-26) (千年等一房,) (power-20) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (物业郝振利,) (博雅西园二期集体收房联盟工作组,)
◆美食娱乐生活
() () () () () () ()
◆维权媒体报道
() () () ()
◆娱乐休闲
◆博雅西园常用信息
通信地址：“北京市海淀区农大南路厢黄旗43号/博雅西园×号楼×单元×××室；邮编：100094”() 物业直拨：；物业总机：/28转各部门；宋经理：直拨() 博雅西园业主委员会 热线电话℡：(小灵通) () 博雅西园业主委员会 办公室电话℡：(直拨)；办公地点：20号楼地下室一层() 树村社区居民委员会电话℡：；办公地点：树村南路东侧（马连洼派出所后侧）() 金房供暖：93838() 开发商工程部：() 开发商房产证办公室：7（原作废）() 担保中心抵押登记咨询电话：；担保中心咨询热线：() 北京市房地产交易中心电话：；取房产证：一号楼五层2508() 歌华有线：96196；苏州桥服务站：；地址：北外附近久凌大厦北座1层(带户主证明、银行存折办理银行交费手续)() 中国银行海淀支行个贷部：；提前还贷：(周一至周五9-11,13-15:30，带身份证、借款合同、存折即可)() 提前还贷计算器(08新利率)： () 北京市城管执法热线：96310() 会所定餐：（转一个分机，比较麻烦）() 大鸭梨定餐：()
◆博雅西园出行手册() () () ()
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信托、委托代理、行纪、合同
一、 信托与委托代理的区别
　　1、成立条件不同：设立信托必须有确定的信托财产，委托关系则不以此为前提；
　　2、财产的性质不同：信托关系中信托财产是独立的，它与委托人、受托人或者受益人的固有财产相区别，委托人、受托人或者受益人的债权人均不得对信托财产主张权利。委托关系中即使委托代理的事项是让代理人进行财产管理或处分，该财产仍属于委托人自有财产，委托人的债权人仍可以对该财产主张权利；
　　3、采取行动的名义不同：信托的受托人以自己的名义采取行动，代理人只能以委托人的名义采取行动；
　　4、委托人的权限不同：信托的委托人、受益人只能要求受托人按照信托文件实施信托，受托人依据信托文件管理、处分信托财产，享有充分的自主权，委托人通常不得干预。委托代理关系中，委托人可以随时向代理人发出指令，代理人应当服从。
　　二、 信托与行纪的区别
　　行纪是一方当事人（行纪人）接受他方当事人（委托人）的委托，以自己的名义为他方利益，从事代销、代购、寄售等活动并获得相应报酬的行为。
　　1、适用范围和要求不同：行纪主要适用于动产，信托适用于各种财产，且设立信托必须有确定的信托财产，行纪不以交付财产为成立条件；
　　2、财产性质不同：行纪关系中，行纪人为委托人购买或者出售的财产，其所有权都属于委托人；信托财产具有独立性，有别于信托当事人的固有财产；
　　3、第三人的地位不同：行纪人未经委托人授权将财产出售给第三人，第三人通常不能获得财产的所有权；受托人依据信托文件管理、处分信托财产，将信托财产出售给第三人的，第三人可以获得财产的所有权。
　　三、 信托与合同的区别
　　1、目的和对价要求不同：信托的设立通常不需对价，通常不需与受益人协商；
　　2、变更、撤销的权利不同：信托一经成立，不能随意变更或者撤销，除非征得受益人同意；合同是可以随时变更或者撤销的；
　　3、第三人的权利不同：甲与乙为第三人丙的利益签订合同后，丙不能要求强制履行合同；甲与乙签订信托合同后，作为受益人的丙有权要求强制实施信托。
　　四、 信托与遗赠、赠与
　　1、制度设计不同：遗赠、赠与没有受托管理的环节，只有双方当事人，遗赠包括遗赠人和被遗赠人，赠与包括出赠人和受赠人；信托存在委托人、受托人或受益人三方当事人；
　　2、标的物性质不同：信托财产有别于信托当事人的固有财产，只有信托关系终止后，信托财产才能回归委托人或受益人；遗赠、赠与关系中，被遗赠人、受赠人成为财产的新所有人；
　　3、原财产所有人的权限不同：信托的委托人对受托人管理和处分信托财产的情况，具有了解和监督的权利；遗赠、赠与关系中，遗赠人、出赠人在遗赠、赠与生效后，通常就失去了在该财产上的所有权利。
渡尽劫波兄弟在，相逢一笑泯恩仇！　　
◆power文集(共8篇)
() () () () () () () () ()
◆博雅妙文(共7篇)
(5楼住户,)
(好好过日子吧,)
(5楼住户,)
(收房联盟集体,)
◆博雅美景(点击看大图)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
◆博雅西园历次会议纪要或通告(初步整理完毕，随时补充)
(博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (power2004录音整理,) (power-26) (千年等一房,) (power-20) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (博雅西园物业管理处,) (物业郝振利,) (博雅西园二期集体收房联盟工作组,)
◆美食娱乐生活
() () () () () () ()
◆维权媒体报道
() () () ()
◆娱乐休闲
◆博雅西园常用信息
通信地址：“北京市海淀区农大南路厢黄旗43号/博雅西园×号楼×单元×××室；邮编：100094”() 物业直拨：；物业总机：/28转各部门；宋经理：直拨() 博雅西园业主委员会 热线电话℡：(小灵通) () 博雅西园业主委员会 办公室电话℡：(直拨)；办公地点：20号楼地下室一层() 树村社区居民委员会电话℡：；办公地点：树村南路东侧（马连洼派出所后侧）() 金房供暖：93838() 开发商工程部：() 开发商房产证办公室：7（原作废）() 担保中心抵押登记咨询电话：；担保中心咨询热线：() 北京市房地产交易中心电话：；取房产证：一号楼五层2508() 歌华有线：96196；苏州桥服务站：；地址：北外附近久凌大厦北座1层(带户主证明、银行存折办理银行交费手续)() 中国银行海淀支行个贷部：；提前还贷：(周一至周五9-11,13-15:30，带身份证、借款合同、存折即可)() 提前还贷计算器(08新利率)： () 北京市城管执法热线：96310() 会所定餐：（转一个分机，比较麻烦）() 大鸭梨定餐：()
◆博雅西园出行手册() () () ()
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案件受理费
court acceptance fee
案情重大、复杂
important and complicated case
cause of action
monopolize lawsuits
defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused(用于刑事案件)
被诉人 defendant
councel pro hac vice
local counsel
毕业证 graduation certificate
辩护词 pleadings
defense lawyer
point of defense
submission
property tenancy
裁定书 determination（指终审裁定）
award（用于仲裁）
verdict（用于陪审团）
采信的证据 established evidence
草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests
source legal provisions
conveyancing
出差 go on a business trip
further study abroad
出具律师意见书
providing legal opinion
出示的证据
appear in court
传票 subpoena
答辩状 reply
representation
代理房地产买卖与转让
agency for sale and transfer of real estate
代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记
agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations
agency for arbitration
drafting of legal instruments
pending case
当事人陈述
statement of the parties
third party
吊销执业证
revocation of lawyer license
investigative record
investigation and gathering for evidence
case of trial of second instance
发送电子邮件
send e-mail
legal consultants
法律意见书
legal opinions
legal counseling
法庭 tribunal
法学博士学位
LL.D (Doctor of Laws)
law society
legal courses
法学硕士学位
LL.M (Master of Laws)
法学系 department of law
法学学士学位
LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)
( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)
law school
court announcement
counterclaim
房地产律师 real property lawyer
非合伙律师
associate lawyer
非诉讼业务
non-litigation practice
高级合伙人
senior partner
senior lawyer
各类协议和合同
agreements and contracts
Public Security Bureau
company listing
public-prosecuting case
notarial certificate
国办律师事务所
state-run law office
international trade
international litigation
domestic litigation
partner lawyer
合伙制律师事务所
law office in partner- cooperating law ofice
合同审查、草拟、修改
contract review, drafting and revision
会见当事人
interview a client
会见犯罪嫌疑人
interview a criminal suspect
part-time lawyer
expert conclusion
membership dues
举证责任 onus probandi
record of request
detention house
控告人 complainant
transnational litigation
labor disputes
劳动争议仲裁委员会
arbitration committee for labor disputes
reform-through- prison farm
利害关系人 party in interest
律管处处长
director of lawyer control department
律师 attorney at law
lawyer discipline
Lawyer Law
lawyer fee
lawyer’s letter
lawyer attestation/authentication
律师见证书
lawyer certification/authentication/witness
lawyer’ file
lawyer’s journal
律师联系电话
contact phone number of a lawyer
律师事务所 law firm
billing by lawyer
lawyer website
National Bar (Lawyer) Association
律师协会会员
member of Lawyer Association
律师协会秘书长
secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association
律师协会章程
Articles of Lawyer Assocition
律师业务室
lawyer’s office
律师执业证
lawyer license
assistant lawyer
律师资格考试 lawyer qualification exam
律师资格证
lawyer qualification certificate
civil case
civil mediation
civil litigation
police substation
judgement(用于民事、行政案件); determination(用于终审); sentence(用于刑事案); verdict(由陪审团作出)
circumstantial evidence
art artic bylaw
corporate restructure
起诉状 indictment
取消律师资格
全国律师代表大会
National Lawyer Congress
pronounce judgement or determination by default
People’s Court
人民检察院
People’s Procuratorate
determine facts
case of tria appellate case
petition for appeal
lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters
administrative reconsideration petition
申请加入律师协会
application for admission to Law Association
申请人 claimant
appeal case
申诉人（仲裁） plaintiff
appeal for revision, petition for revision
实习律师 lawyer in probation period
实习律师证
certificate of apprentice lawyer
audio-visual reference material
apply law to facts
documentary evidence
Ministry of Justice
司法建议书
judicial advise
Judicial Bureau
司法局副局长
deputy director of Judicial Bureau
司法局局长
director of Judicial Bureau
司法统一考试
uniform judicial exam
service of process
诉讼 lawsuit
诉讼当事人 litigious party
litigation practice
诉状 statement of claim
推销法律服务
promote/market legal service
外国律师事务所
foreign law office
委托代理合同
authorized representation contract
委托代理人 entrusted agent
委托授权书
power of attorney
material evidence
criminal suspect
project financing
project negotiating
criminal case
criminal litigation
administrative litigation
休庭 recess
determination
attendance in advanced studies
case of trial of first instance
与国外律师事务所交流
communicate with foreign law firms
securities lawyer
execution record
registration for practice
执业范围 practice area
practice application
执业证年检
annual inspection of lawyer license
arbitration
arbitration case
arbitration agency
specialized lawyer
full-time lawyer
撰写法律文章
write legal thesis
credit standing investigation
private prosecuting case
remand/rimit a case (to a low court)
title of a case
materials in the case
案情陈述书
statement of case
person other than involved in the case
total value involved in the case
losing party
personnel handling a case
保全措施申请书
application for protective measures
report a case (to security authorities)
被告 the accused
被告人最后陈述
final statement of the accused
被告向原告第二次答辩
被害人的诉讼代理人
victim’s agent ad litem
被上诉人 the appellee
respondent
被申请执行人
party against whom execution is filed
person subject to enforcement
principal action
必要共同诉讼人
party in necessary co-litigation
jurisdiction by accord
defense attorney/lawyer
defense evidence
stage of court debate
di reject a counterclaim
deny/dismiss a motion
驳回上诉、维持原判
reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling
dismiss an action/suit
驳回通知书
notice of dismissal
dismiss/reject a private prosecution
驳回自诉裁定书
ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case
supplementary answer
supplementary judgement
supplementary investigation
不公开审理
trial in camera
不立案决定书
written decision of no case-filing
不批准逮捕决定书
written decision of disapproving an arrest
不予受理起诉通知书
notice of dismissal of accusation by the court
财产保全申请书
applic application for property preservation
裁定 determination (指最终裁定)
jurisdiction by order
裁定书 ruling
采信的证据
admitted evidence
withdraw appeal
withdraw a lawsuit
revoke a case placed on file
撤销原判，发回重审
rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial
出示的证据
invalidating judgement (for negotiable instruments)
答辩 reply
答辩陈述书
statement of defence
答辩状 reply
大法官 justice
deputy chief procurator
agency for accusation
agency for appeal
代理审判员
acting judge
代为申请取保候审
agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving
弹劾式诉讼
accusatory procedure
当事人陈述
statement of the parties
pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court
territorial jurisdiction
地区检察分院
inter-mediate People’s Procuratorate
third party
record of investigation
定期宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date
in inculpatory evidence
procedure of supervision and urge
sole-judge bench
独任仲裁员
sole arbitrator
对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施
compulsory measures against impairment of civil action
judgement inter parties
trial of second instance
case of trial of second insurance
impose a fine
statutory legal evidence
法定证据制度
system of legal evidence
法警 court police
legal instruments/papers
legal consulting
court debate
court investigation
法庭审理笔录
court record
法庭审理方式
mode of court trial
chief judge of a tribunal
court announcement
counterclaim
反诉答辩状
answer with counterclaim
counterclaim
犯罪嫌疑人
criminal suspect
附带民事诉讼案件
a collateral civil action
附带民事诉讼被告
defendant of collateral civil action
复查 recheck
senior judge
高级检察官
senior procurator
高级人民法院
Higher People’s Court
case of complaint
告诉才处理的案件
case accepted at complaint
告诉申诉庭
complaint and petition division
work-study school for delinquent children
Ministry of Public Security
public security sub-bureau
public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government
trial in public
公开审判制度
open trial system
公示催告程序
procedure of public summons for exhortation
public-prosecuting case
statement of public prosecution
public notary office
concurrent jurisdiction
jurisdiction
国际司法协助
international judicial assistance
maritime court
collegial panel
合议庭评议笔录
record of deliberating by the collegiate bench
和解 compromise
核对诉讼当事人身份
check identity of litigious parties
resumption of execution
withdrawal
混合式诉讼
mixed action
基层人民法院
basic People’s Court
term in custody
subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels
living at home under surveillance
procurator
prosecutorial power
检察委员会
procuratorial/prosecutorial committee
procuratorate
检察院派出机构
outpost tribunal of procuratorate
summary procedure
expert conclusion
经济审判庭
economic tribunal
direct adjudicat
judgement without notice
纠问式诉讼
inquisitional proceedings
拘传 summon by warrant
detention house
information/report of an offence
举证责任 onus probandi
military procuratorate
open a court session
notice of court session
record of inquest
detention house
可执行财产
executable property
控告式诉讼
accusatory proceedings
incriminating evidence
accusation function
扣押 attachment
distress/distraint
period of grace
劳动争议仲裁申请书
petition for labor dispute arbitration
reform-through-labor farm
reeducation-through-labor office
类推判决的核准程序
procedure for examination and
approval of analogical sentence
cumulative evidence
place a case on file
functional jurisdiction
立案决定书
written decision of case-filing
report of placing a case on file
利害关系人
interested party
临时裁决书
interim award
律师见证书
lawyer’s written authentication
律师事务所 law firm
律师提前介入
prior intervention by lawyer
免于刑事处分
exemption from criminal penalty
civil case
民事审判庭
civil tribunal
civil action
民事诉讼法
Civil Procedural Law
seize and deliver a suspect to the police
detached tribunal
police station
判决 determination
判决书 verdict (指陪审团作出的)
circumstantial evidence
approval of arrest
clea solve a criminal case
破产 insolvency
general/ordinary procedure
general jurisdiction
企业法人破产还债程序
procedure of bankruptcy and
liquidation of a business corporation
filing of a lawsuit
起诉 institution of proceedings
起诉状 information
区县检察院
grassroots People’s Procuratorate
the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving
default judgement
人民调解委员会
People’s Mediation Committee
认定财产无主案件
cases concerning determination
of property as qwnerless
认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件
cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity
petition for appeal
juvenile prison
社会治安综合治理
comprehensive treatment of social security
cases involving foreign interests
涉外民事诉讼
foreign civil proceedings
涉外刑事诉讼
foreign criminal proceedings
申请人 petitioner
申请书 application for arbitration
申请执行人
execution applicant
申诉人宣誓书
claimant’s affidavit of authenticity
petition for revision
神示证据制度
system of divinity evidence
ordeal system
case review
审查并决定逮捕
examine and decide arrest
审查起诉阶段
stage of review and prosecution
审理通知书
notice of hearing
presiding judge
审判长宣布开庭
presiding judge announce court in session
adjudgement/trial jurisdiction
审判监督程序
procedure for trial supervision
审判委员会
judicial committee
审问式诉讼
inquisitional proceedings
生效判决裁定
legally effective judgement/order
winning party
省市自治区检察院
higher People’s Procuratorate
失踪和死亡宣告
declaration of disappearance and death
实（质）体证据
substantial evidence
tangible evidence
real evidence
demonstrative evidence
audio-visual evidence
收容所 safe retreat
首席大法官
chief justice
首席检察官
chief procurator
受害人的近亲属
victim’s immediate family
acceptance
受理刑事案件审批表
registration form of acceptance of criminal case
the addressee
court clerk
书记员宣读法庭纪律
court clerk reads court rules
documentary evidence
Ministry of Justice
judicial organizatons
judicial police
judicial bureau
judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government
judicial assistance
死缓的复核
judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve
死刑复核程序
procedure for judicial review of death sentence
死刑复核权
competence for judicial review of death sentence
service of process
service of summons/subpoena
service of bill of complaint
诉 lawsuit
诉前财产保全
property attachment prior to lawsuit
诉讼 action
attachment
诉讼参加人
litigious participants
诉讼代理人
agent ad litem
诉状 state of claim
special procedures
institute a public prosecution
railway court
铁路检察院
railroad transport procuratorate
procedure of court trial
wanted for arrest
appearance
退回补充侦查
return of a case for supplementary investigation
entrusted defense
未成年人法庭
juvenile court
无行政职务的法官
associate judge
无正当理由拒不到庭
refuse to appear in court without due cause
acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ”
material evidence
先予执行申请书
application for advanced execution
advanced execution
criminal case
criminal detention
刑事强制拘留
criminal coercive/compulsory measures
刑事审判庭
criminal tribunal
criminal proceedings
刑事诉讼法
Criminal Procedural Law
刑事自诉状
self-incriminating criminal complaint
administrative case
行政审判庭
administrative tribunal
administrative proceedings
行政诉讼法
Administrative Procedural Law
宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件
cases concerning the declaration
of disappearance and death
record of rendition of judgement
选民资格案件
cases concerning qualifications of voters
inquire/question a witness
record of interrogation
询问犯罪嫌疑人
interrogate criminal suspect
verbal evidence
要求传唤证人申请书
application for subpoena
arbitration award shall be final and binding
trial of first instance
case of trial of first instance
应诉通知书
notice of respondence to action
有罪判决 finding of “guilty”
prel pretrial
court president
record of file review (by lawyers)
case of retrial
再审申请书
petition for retrial
责令具结悔过
order to sign a statement of repentance
债权人会议
creditors’ meeting
investigation stage
conclusion of investigation
征询原、被告最后意见
consulting final opinion
of the plaintiff and defendant
preserve evidence
证据保全申请书
application for evidence preservation
payment order/warrant
知识产权庭
intellectual property tribunal
procedure execution
execution of arrest
conciliation of execution
recovery of execution
executive tribunal
objection to execution
discontinuance of execution
conclusion of execution
appointed defense
指定仲裁员声明
statement of appointing arbitrator
中级人民法院
intermediate People’s Court
retreat during court session without permission
arbitration
仲裁被诉人 defendant
仲裁申请书
arbitration
仲裁申诉人 plaintiff
arbitration tribunal
仲裁委员会
arbitration committee
a clauses of arbitration
arbitrator
主诉检察官
principal procurator
助理检察官
assistant procurator
助理审判员
assistant judge
special court
specific jurisdiction
exclusive jurisdiction
追究刑事责任
investigate for criminal responsibility
confession to justice
private-prosecuting case
self-defense
自由心证制度
doctrine of discretional uation of evidence
self-investigating case
最高人民法院
the Supreme People’s Court
最高人民检察院
the Supreme People’s Procuratorate
最后裁决书
final award
source of law
判例法 precedent
common law
special law
固有法 indigenous law
adopted law
substantial law
procedural law
fundamental law
exception law
judicial interpretation
customary law
public order and moral
natural law
private law
public law
jus civile
jus gentium
civil law system
system of Anglo-American law
civil law system
common law
continental law
Roman law system
English law
衡平法 law of equity
Germantic law
ecclesiastical law
Islamic law
民法法律规范
norm of civil law
authorization norm
forbidding norm
义务性规范
obligatory norm
命令性规范
commanding norm
民法基本原则
fundamental principles of civil law
principle of equality
principle of free will
principle of justice
等价有偿原则
principle of equal value exchange
诚实信用原则
principle of good faith
lawful act
unlawful act
民事权利权利能力
civil right
absolute right
relative right
right of priority
preemption
antecedent right
right of relief
right of dominion
right of claim
物上请求权
right of claim for real thing
right of formation
right of claiming cancellation
right of claiming cancellation
right of renouncement
subrogated right
right of choice
right of admission
right of termination
right of defense
一时性抗辩权
momentary right of defense
永久性抗辩权
permanent counter-argument right
不安抗辩权
unstable counter-argument right
同时履行抗辩权
defense right of simultaneous performance
tested right
expectant right
exclusive right
non-exclusive right
personal right
human right
right of personality
生命健康权
right of life and health
right of name
right of name
right of portraiture
right of freedom
right reputation
right of privacy
私生活秘密权
right of privacy
virginity right
right of status
亲权 parental right
right of relative
visitation right
right of spouse
right of honor
权利的保护
protection of right
public protection
self-protection
standard of right
standard of society
无责任行为
irresponsible right
正当防卫 ligitimate defence
act of defence
self-conducting act
紧急避险 necessity
act of self-help
force majeure
capacity for act
capacity of will
declaration of intention
意思表示一致 consensus
完全行为能力
perfect capacity for act
限制行为能力
restrictive capacity for act
准禁治产人
quasi-interdicted person
protection
minor who is capable of administering his own capacity
无行为能力
incapacity for act
interdicted
natural person
经常居住地
frequently dwelling place
census register
guardianship
个体工商户
individual business
农村承包经营户
leaseholding rural household
partnership
partnership agreement
property of partnership
debt of partnership
join partnership
withdrawal from partnership
partnership business establishment
partnership
partnership of legal person
special partnership
general partnership
limited partnership
civil partnership
dormant partnership
私营企业 proprietorship
legal person
legal body of enterprise
group of enterprise
affiliate enterprise
个人独资企业
individual business establishment
国有独资企业
solely state-owned enterprise
中外合资企业
Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise
中外合作企业
Sino-foreign contractual enterprise
legal body of mass organization
legal body of financial group
joint venture
法人型联营
association of legal persons
合伙型联营
coordinated management in partnership
协作型联营
cooperation-type coordinated management
cooperative
民事法律行为
civil legal act
单方民事法律行为
unilateral civil legal act
双方民事法律行为
bilateral civil legal act
多方民事法律行为
joint act civil legal act
有偿民事法律行为
civil legal act with consideration
无偿民事法律行为
civil legal act w
civil legal act without award
实践性民事法律行为
practical civil legal act
诺成性民事法律行为
consental civil legal act
要式民事法律行为
formal civil legal act
不要式民事法律行为
informal civil legal act
要因民事法律行为
causative civil legal act
不要因民事法律行为
noncausative civil legal act
主民事法律行为
principal civil legal act
从民事法律行为
accessory civil legal act
附条件民事法律行为
conditional civil legal act
附期限民事法律行为
civil legal act with term
生前民事法律行为
civil legal act before death
死后民事法律行为
civil legal act after death
准民事法律行为
quasi-civil legal act
ineffective act
可撤销民事行为
revocable civil act
违法行为 unlawful act
taking advantage of others’ precarious position
以合法形式掩盖非法目的
legal form concealing illegal intention
malicious collaboration
gross misunderstanding
obvious unjust
misrepresentation
original agent
法定代理人 legal agent
委托代理人
agent by mandate
指定代理人
designated agent
right of agency
act of authorization
授权委托书
power of attorney
act of agency
agency by mandate
original agency
authorized agency
表见代理 apparent agency
agency by lawyer
general agency
general agency
全权代理委托书
general power of attorney
joint agency
sole agency
行纪 broker house
时效 limitation
suspension of prescription/limitation
interruption of limitation/prescription
extension of limitation
acquisitive prescription
时效终止 termination of prescription
涉外民事关系
civil relations with foreign elements
rule of conflict
准据法 governing law
反致 remission
transmission
identification
公共秩序保留
reserve of public order
evasion of law
nationality
nationalization
legal liability
civil liability/responsibility
administrative liability/responsibility
criminal liability/responsibility
liability o responsibility of default
limited liability
unlimited liability
shared/several liability
joint and several liability
liab negligent liability
过错责任 liability for fault
sole fault
joint fault
mixed fault
被害人过错
victim’s fault
第三人过错
third party’s fault
presumptive fault
恶意 malice
willfulness
negligence
gross negligence
疏忽大意的过失
careless and inadvertent negligence
过于自信的过失
negligence with undue assumption
facts of damage
tangible damage/loss
intangible damage/loss
property damage/loss
personal damage/loss
spiritual damage/loss
民事责任承担方式
methods of bearing civil liability
cease the infringing act
ex removal of obstacle
elimination of danger
restitution of property
恢复原状 restitution of original state
c indemnify for a loss
支付违约金
payment of liquidated damage
eliminate ill effects
rehabilitate one’s reputation
extend a formal apology
物权 real right
物权制度 right in rem system
一物一权原则
the principal of One thing, One Right
物权法定主义
principal of legality of right in rem
物权公示原则
principal of public summons of right in rem
raw material for production
means of subsistence
流通物 a thing in commerce
限制流通物
limited merchantable thing
禁止流通物
a thing out of commerce
fixed asset
流动资产 floating asset
动产 chattel
不动产 real estate
特定物 a certain thing
种类物 indefinite thing
可分物 divisible things
不可分物 indivisible things
主物 a principal thing
从物 an accessory thing
original thing
natural fruits
legal fruits
无主物 ownerless goods
lost property
drifting object
埋藏物 hidden property
securities
classification of right in rem/real right
自物权 right of full ownership
所有权 title
所有权凭证 title of ownership
占有权 equitable ownership
使用权 right to use of
收益权 right to yields
处分权 jus dispodendi
possession in good faith
malicious possession
several possession
joint possession
jus in re aliena
real right for usufruct
使用权 right of use
土地使用权
right to the use of land
forest ownership
mining ownership
power of management
承包经营权
right to contracted management
相邻权 relatedright
superficies
right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract
地役权 easement
personal servitude
real right for security
security for thing
物的瑕疵担保
warranty against defect of a thing
抵押权 right to mortgage
抵押权的设定
creation of right to mortgage
抵押标的物 estate under mortgage
抵押权的效力
deffect of right to mortgage
抵押权的次序
sequence of right to mortgage
抵押权的抛弃
abandonment of right to mortgage
抵押权的让与
alienation of right to mortgage
抵押权的实现
materialization of right to mortgage
抵押权的消灭
extinction of right to
mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage
抵押物登记
registration of estate under mortgage
抵押优先权
priority of mortgage
一般留置权 general lien
特别留置权
special lien
质权 right of pledge
tenant right
债权 righ creditor’s right
相对人 offeree
债务 obligation
债务的偿还
payment of debt
债务的偿清
discharge of debt
债务的担保
guarantee of debt
债务的合并
consolidation of debt
债务的给付日期
debt maturity
债务的免除
exemption of debt
债的分类 obligation
legal obligation
voluntary obligation
simple obligation
alternative obligation
prime/principal obligation
accessory obligation
single obligation
several obligation
joint obligation
certain obligation
indefinite obligation
contractual obligation
侵权行为之债
tort obligation
损害赔偿之债
obligation of com
obligation of damages
damage to person
moral/mental/spiritual damage
hospital treatment expense
medical charge
consolation money
defect of product
unjust enrichment
voluntary service
guarantee of obligation
property guarantee
credit guarantee
alienation guarantee
express guaranty
implied guaranty
contract of guaranty/suretyship
保证金 security deposit
押金 foregift
advanced payment
定金 deposit
liquidated damages
法定违约金
liquidated damages by law
约定违约金
liquidated damages by agreement
performance of obligation
实际履行原则
doctrine of specific performance
情事变更原则
doctrine of change of circumstances
misfeasance
清偿 satisfaction
debtor’s submission of the subject matter
of obligation to competent authority
intellectual property
知识产权国际保护
international protection of intellectual property
国民待遇原则
doctrine of national treatment
优先权原则
a right of priority doctrine
自动保护原则
doctrine of automatic protection
特许权使用费
intellectual property
copyright owner
著作人格权
right of personality of copyright
right of publication
right of paternity
r right of revision
完整性保持权
right to maintain integrity
不可侵犯权
inviolability
收回权 right of retri
publish a book at the author’s own expense
著作财产权
property right in work
使用收益分享权
right to share usufruct
right to make use of
获得报酬权
right to get payment
right of rebroadcasting
right of fixation
机械复制权
r right of mechanical reproduction
著作邻接权
neighboring right of copyright
剽窃 plagiarism
pirated VCD
industrial property
patent right
priority date
申请在先原则
prior application rule
priority of use
creativity
practicability
invention and creation
utility model
外观设计 industrial design
right of invention
right of discovery
patent application
objection to a patent
patent gazette
专利续展费
renewal fee of patent
专利许可协议
patent licensing agreement
certificate of patent
专利事务所
patent office
patent agency
中华人民共和国专利局
Patent Office of
the People’s Republic of China
trademark right
商标国际注册
international registration of trademark
commodity trademark
service trademark
reputed trademark
advertisement trademark
similar trademark
商标评审委员会
trade review and appraisal board
trademark examination
trademark infringement
registered trademark
trademark gazette
注册商标使用许可
licensing of registered trademark
注册商标转让
assignment of registered trademark
商标使用许可协议
trademark licensing agreement
商标事务所
trademark office
trademark agency
婚姻、家庭、继承、收养
marriage, family, inheritance, adoption
婚姻法 marriage law
arranged marriage
财产分割 dismemberment of property
only child
legal marriage
非婚生子女
illegitimate child
夫妻共同财产
community property
conjugal relationship
divo divorce from bed and board
resumption of marriage
incompatibility
婚后财产公证
notarization of postnuptial properties
marriage registration
ligitimate child
birth control
mercenary marriage
blood relations in fiction of law
collateral relation blood relation
marriage with foreign elements
de facto marriage
divorce by litigation
visitation right
cohabitation
late marriage
void marriage
divorce by agreement
一夫一妻制
early marriage
lineal descent
natural blood relation
adoption law
adoption agreement
adoptive parent
person or institution placing out a child for adoption
adoption with foreign elements
继承法 law of succession
legal seccession
intestate succession
succession by devise
natural succession
代位继承 succession by subrogation
hereditary succession
indirect succession
subsuccession
joint succession
single succession
继承人 successor
第二顺序继承人
successor second in order
第一顺序继承人
successor first in order
继承参与人
succession participant
遗产 heritage
遗产继承人 inheritor
last will and testament
last words
遗赠 devise
遗赠抚养协议
legacy-support ageement
accounting law
税法 taxation law
反不正当竞争法
anti-unfair competition law
消费者权益保护法
consumer’s interest protection law
产品责任法
production liability law
消费者权益法
consumer rights and interests law
公司法 corporate law
公司 corporation
有限责任公司
limited liability company
股份有限公司
company limited by shares
unlimited company
股份两合公司
joint stock limited liability partnership
joint liability company
holding company
group company
joint venture company
联营公司 affiliated company
state-own company
state-owned company
civilian-run company
national/domestic company
foreign company
listed company
parent company
subsidiary
皮包公司 fundless company
incorporation by stock floatation
发起人 initiator
name of company
domicile of company
出资 capital subscription
investment in cash
investment in kind
工业产权出资
investment in industrial property right
非专有技术出资
investment in non-patent technology
investment in labor
高新技术成果出资
investment in hi-tech achievements
registered capital
paid-in capital
capital verification report
会计师事务所
certified public accountants
注册会计师
certified public accountant
资本三原则
three doctrine of capital
资本确定原则
doctrine of capital determination
资本维持原则
doctrine of capital maintenance
资本不变原则
doctrine of unchanging capital
最低资本额制度
minimum capital system
art artic bylaw
公司登记 corporate registration
existence of company
公司合并分立
merger and split of company
corporate merger and acquisition
company management
公司法律顾问
corporate counsel
company rectification
closure of business
company composition
company dissolution
company liquidation
company winding-up
non- competition prohibition
prospectus
stock capital
shareholder
shareholders’ meeting
股东大会决议
resolution of shareholders’ meeting
股东大会议事规则
rule of procedure of shareholders’ meeting
表决权 right to vote
president/chairman of the board
首席执行官
chief executive officer(CEO)
首席运营官
chief operation officer(COO)
executive director
managing director
board of directors
董事会领导下的经理负责制
responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors
经理独立负责制
manager independent responsibility system
supervisor
board of supervisors
common stock
special stock
qualification stock
preferred stock
inferior stock
stock with voting power
premium stock
converting stock
state-owned share
collective share
corporate share
enterprise share
individual share
红股 dividend stock
法定公积金
legal accumulation fund
资本公积金
capital accumulation fund
盈余公积金
surplus accumulation fund
任意公积金
optional accumulation fund
corporate crime
securities law
issuance of securities
证券上市 float an issue
证券交易所
stock exchange
securities dealer
securities company
证券承销商
consortium of underwriters
证券承销合同
underwriting contract
证券经纪人
securities broker
disclosing system
closing date
风险投资基金
venture capital fund
上海证券交易所
Shanghai Stock Exchange
深圳证券交易所
Shenzhen Stock Exchange
证券监督委员会
securities supervision committee
law of negotiable instrument
票据 commercial instruments
商业票据 commercial instrument
远期票据; long-dated bill
matured bill
sight bill
b note to order
不记名票据
bearer instrument
promissory note
bill of exchange
ticket day
date of draft/issue
place of draft/issue
票据到期日
bill to mature
sum of bill
face value
票据出票人
票据持票人
bill holder
票据承兑人
bill acceptor
act on commercial paper
honor a bill
negotiation
protest a bill
票据付款人
票据支付人
payer on commercial instrument
票据收款人
bill collector
票据背书人
endorser/indorser of a bill
票据保证人
bill guarantor
票据被保证人
bill pledgee/warrantee
renewed recourser
remote holder
subsequent endorser
right of bill
票据期限 tenor
票据债务人
debtor of commercial instrument
right of recourse
exception to bill
loss of bill
prescription of exchanges
discount of bill
rediscount of bill
term of benevolence
agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments
maritime law
船舶国籍证书
cer certificate of ship’s nationality
flag country
船舶所有权证书
certificate of ship ownership
register of ship
insurance on hull
船舶保险单
hull insurance policy
船舶登记证书
certificate of registry
tonnage measurement of ships
船舶进港费
ship mortgage
ship chartering
ship subchartering
船舶所有人责任限制
limitation of liabilities of ship owners
ship collision
maritime distress
perils of the sea
marine towage
detention of ship
ship’s credit
classification society
certificate of class
海上留置权
maritime lien
船舶留置权
maritime lien
船舶抵押权
maritime mortgage
海上优先请求权
priority claim to seagoing ships
救助优先权
priority claim to salvage
共同海损优先权
priority claim to general average
服务优先权
priority claim to service
货物损害优先权
priority claim to cargo damage
传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权
priority claim to ship credit and goods credit
shipping contract
bill of lading(B/L)
dead freight
charterage
charter-party contract of affreightment
期租船合同
time charter- time CP
航次租船合同
voyage charter-party
定期租船合同
time charter-party
光船租船合同
bareboat charter- bareboat CP
包租运输合同
shipping charter-party
海上旅客运输合同
contract for carriage of passengers by sea
远洋拖带合同
contract of ocean towage
港内拖带合同
contract of port towage
海难救助合同
salvage contract
master’; sea protest
海事声明书
sea protest
maritime dispute
海事法院; admiralty court
海事诉讼程序
maritime proceedings
船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权
civil jurisdiction of sea collision
船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权
criminal jurisdiction of sea collision
海事争议的审理
hearing/trial of maritime disputes
海事诉讼保全措施
measures for maritime attachment
海事优先请求权
preferential right top maritime claim
海事请求保全申请书
application/petition for maritime attachment
海事诉讼法律文书送达
service of legal instruments in maritime action/proceedings
涉外海事诉讼管辖权
jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements
强制变卖被扣押船舶
compulsory realization of the distrained ship
海事仲裁程序规则
rules of maritime arbitration procedure
insurance law
voluntary insurance
compulsory insurance
commercial insurance
property insurance
personal insurance
life insurance
health insurance
accident insurance
social insurance
endowment insurance
medical insurance
unemployment insurance
credit insurance
guaranty insurance
insurance contract
保险人 underwriter
the insured
benificiary
app; policy holder
insurance policy
insurance object
time limit of insurance
insurable interest
保险金额 insurance compensation
insurance accident
insurance indemnity
保险代理人
insurance agent
保险经纪人
insurance broker
claim by subrogation
settlement of claim
代位求偿权
right of subrogation
abandonment
cancellation/discharging of insurance
五、刑法总论
刑法学 penal law
criminology
犯罪心理学
criminal psychology
劳动改造法学
reform-through-labor
中国刑法史
history of Chinese criminal law
比较刑法学
comparative criminal law
criminal detection
司法精神病学
forensic psychiatry
罪刑法定原则
principal of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime
罪刑相适应原则
principal of suiting punishment to crime
罪责自负原则
principal of bearing responsibility solely for one’s own crime
惩罚与教育相结合原则
principal of combining punishment with education
the doctrine of observing old laws
the doctrine of observing new laws
从旧兼从轻原则
the doctrine of observing old laws and
new ones when with lighter punishment
从新兼从轻原则
the doctrine of observing new laws and
old ones when with lighter punishment
limitation of prosecution
criminal liability/responsibility
刑事责任年龄
age for criminal responsibility
刑事责任能力
capacity for criminal responsibility
犯罪 commit a crime
故意犯罪 willful crime
negligent crime
constitution of a crime
subject of a crime
object of a crime
犯罪的主观方面
subjective elements of a crime
犯罪的客观方面
objective elements of a crime
target of a crime
犯罪故意 mens rea
直接故意 direct intent
indirect intent
criminal negligence
疏忽大意的过失
careless negligence
过于自信的过失
negligence with undue assumption
不能预见 unpredictable
unavoidable
criminal motive
犯罪目的 criminal purpose
unjustifiable self-defense
紧急避险 necessity
completion of a crime
attempted crime
criminal pattern
preparation for a crime
expression for a crime
abandonment/discontinuance of a crime
suspension of a crime
behavioral offence
potential damage offence
consequential offence
结果加重犯
aggregated consequential offence
定罪 crimination
circumstances for adjudgment
punishment fits the crime
principle of discretionary
principal of sentencing
dangerous act
causative relation
共同犯罪 joint offence
acc unwilling follower
帮助犯 accessory
累犯 repeat offence
common recidivist
反革命累犯
counter-revolutionary recidivist
corporate crime
gang crime
gang of hoodlums
crime of indecent assault
organized crime
economic crime
职务犯罪 crime by taking advantage of duty
assembled a crowd to commit a crime
一罪不二罚
nemo bis punit
no one is punished twice for the same crime
continuous crime
continuous crime
想象竟合犯
imaginative joinder of offences
habitual offence
结合犯 integrated offence
continuing offence
implicated offence
I absorbable offence
plural crimes
joinder of punishment for plural crimes
法定最高刑
maximum statutory penalty
法定最低刑
minimum statutory penalty
total term of sentences
doctrine of cumulation of punishments
doctrine of accumulation
doctrine of joinder
cumulative principle
absorption principle
限制加重原则
principle of limitative aggravation
doctrine of compromise
dual/double punishment
single punishment
omitted crime
reduction after combined sentence
newly committed crime
combination of sentence after reduction
刑罚个别化原则
principle of individualization of punishment
刑罚经济原则
principle of economization of punishment
刑罚人道主义原则
principle of humanitarianism of punishment
刑罚效益原则
principle of utility of punishment
刑罚的种类
classification of criminal pennalties
punishment depriving life
punishment against property
punishment of depriving rights
principal penalties
public surveillance
penal servitude
fixed-term imprisonment
life imprisonment
death penalty
death sentence with a two-year reprieve
accessory penalties
剥夺政治权利
deprivation of political right
forfeiture of property
criminal fine
剥夺勋章、奖章和荣誉称号
stripping of medals, decoration or honorary titles
sentencing
criminal fact
criminal character
criminal circumstances of crime
grave/serious circumstances
情节特别严重
circumstances are particularly serious
circumstances are wicked
后果特别严重
with particularly serious consequence
circumstance for sentencing
statutory circumstances
lighter punishment
mitigation of penalty below minimum statutory prescript
heavier punishment
aggravation of penalty below minimum statutory prescript
exemption from punishment
discretionary circumstances
surrender oneself to justice
confession of one’s offence
voluntary surrender to justice
metitorious serviceoffset立功赎罪
one’s guilt by merit
假释考验期
probation period for parole
减刑 mitigation of punishment
减刑建议书
advisory letter of commutation
大赦 general pardon
special pardon
limitation of prosecution
deadline of prosecution
prevention of crime
缓刑 reprieve
缓刑宣告制
system of suspended pronouncement of sentence
缓刑起诉制
system of suspended prosecution
缓刑考验期
probation period
行刑 executing punishment
execution of sentence outside prison yet under surveillance六、劳动与社会保障法律
labor protection
劳动合同制
labor contract system
集体劳动合同
collective labor contract
劳动合同期限
term of a labor contract
不定期劳动合同
employment contract with unspecified term
有固定期限劳动合同
time labor contract
labor and management
劳动年龄 labor age
probation period
标准工时制度
standard labor time system
working hours
working period
带薪年休假
paid annual leave
法定休假日 official holiday
public holiday
labor income
工资等级制度
wage grading system
wage of fixed amount
floating wage
minimum wage
deduction wage
劳动人事管理
labor and personnel management
labor discipline
竞业禁止规定
non-compete rules
confidentiality
辞职 resignation
终止劳动关系
terminate labor relation
industrial injury
labor insurance
labor indemnity
social security
employment registration
free medical care
laid-off worker
劳动管理部门
administrative department for labor
劳动合同鉴定
certification of labor contract
劳动安全卫生检查制度
system of inspection for labor safety and hygiene
劳动能力丧失程度鉴定
verification of degree of physical disability
劳动鉴定委员会
labor appraisal committee
劳动监察制度
labor supervision system
劳动介绍所
employment agency
人才交流中心
talent exchange
劳动力市场
labor market
personnel archive
劳动与社会保障部
Ministry of Labor and Social Security
social security
endowment insurance
medical insurance
unemployment insurance
birth insurance
劳动争议仲裁庭
arbitration tribunal of labor disputes
劳动仲裁法
labor arbitration law
劳动合同履行地
place where a labor contract is performed
劳动合同争议
dispute of labor contract
申诉人 petitioner
respondent
仲裁申请书
arbitration petition
award (a labor dispute) shall be obtained before litigation
七、行政法律
具体行政行为
specific administrative act
抽象行政行为
abstract administrative act
administrative case
administrative recuperation
行政不作为
administrative omission
admin executive branch
administrative ruling
行政裁定书
administrative ruling in writing
administrative adjudication
administrative discretion
administrative adjudication
行政程序法
administrative procedure law
行政裁判所
administrative tribunal
administrative procedure
行政程序法
administrative procedure law
行政程序立法
administrative procedure ligislation
行政程序违法
violation of law of administrative procedure
ad administrative punishment
行政处罚的简易程序
summary procedures for administrative penalties
行政处罚的听证程序
procedure on hearing of administrative penalties
行政处罚决定书
written decision of administrative penalty
administrative sanction
administrative handling
ad executive action
administrative reconsideration
administrative appeal
administrative examination
adminis administrative trial
行政申诉状
written administrative appeal
限制人身自由权的行政处罚
administrative penalties restricting the personal liberty
限制行为权的行政处罚
administrative penalties restricting the right of personal freedom
administrative interference
administrative intervention
administrative notice
cession of administration
official letter
行政公开原则
principle of administrative openness
行政即决行为
summary administrative act
admini supervision over administration
supervisi supervision by the executive
administrative inspection
administrative appraisal
行政救济穷尽原则
doctrine of exhaustiveness(of administrative remedies)
admin administrative detention
adm executive decision
ad executive control
administrative resolution
executive order
administrative judgement
administration tort
administrative petition
administrative assistant
具体行政行为
specific administrative act
administrative arrangement
administrative appeal
违法行政行为
administrative act in violation of law
admonition
judicial advice
法理（学）
jurisprudence
sources of law
法系 genealogy of law
common law
continen civil law
保护性规范
protective norm
禁止性规范
prohibitive norm
命令性规范
mandatory norm
强制性规范
compulsory norm
任意性规范
random norm
义务性规范
obligatory norm
选择性规范
optional norm
legislation
rule of men
rule of law
法制 ligality
judicial supervision
procedural law
substantive law
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通信地址：“北京市海淀区农大南路厢黄旗43号/博雅西园×号楼×单元×××室；邮编：100094”() 物业直拨：；物业总机：/28转各部门；宋经理：直拨() 博雅西园业主委员会 热线电话℡：(小灵通) () 博雅西园业主委员会 办公室电话℡：(直拨)；办公地点：20号楼地下室一层() 树村社区居民委员会电话℡：；办公地点：树村南路东侧（马连洼派出所后侧）() 金房供暖：93838() 开发商工程部：() 开发商房产证办公室：7（原作废）() 担保中心抵押登记咨询电话：；担保中心咨询热线：() 北京市房地产交易中心电话：；取房产证：一号楼五层2508() 歌华有线：96196；苏州桥服务站：；地址：北外附近久凌大厦北座1层(带户主证明、银行存折办理银行交费手续)() 中国银行海淀支行个贷部：；提前还贷：(周一至周五9-11,13-15:30，带身份证、借款合同、存折即可)() 提前还贷计算器(08新利率)： () 北京市城管执法热线：96310() 会所定餐：（转一个分机，比较麻烦）() 大鸭梨定餐：()
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