Article for the play of tennis
European Patent Application EP0697228
The invention labelled as a whole with (1) in figure 1, concerns the transformation of a normal tennis racket into an opto-electro-acoustic device useful for playing tennis. This article is able to give in real-time, without reducing any of the racket perfomances, exact informations on the right position of the ball impact on the stringing pattern area (4) of the racket (2). The opto-electro-acoustic circuit (3) which essentially is the monitoring system, includes sensor couples (8): the transmitter (13) and the receiver (14) located into the frame head (15). The sensors layout is designed with the purpose of subdividing the stringing pattern area (4) into several regions (s). The circuit (3) emits different acoustic signals depending on which region (or regions) the impact between the ball and the stringing pattern area (4) occurs.
Inventors:
Tammaro, David (IT)
Rimoldi, Augusto Luigi (IT)
Application Number:
Publication Date:
02/21/1996
Filing Date:
08/26/1994
Export Citation:
Tammaro, David (IT)
Rimoldi, Augusto Luigi (IT)
International Classes:
A63B69/38; H01L31/167; (IPC1-7): A63B69/38
European Classes:
A63B69/38; H01L31/167
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Foreign References:
4257594Electronic athletic equipmentDEDE
Other References:
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 11 no. 275 (E-537) ?2722? ,5 September 1987 & JP-A-62 073781 (HONDA MOTOR CO.) 4 April 1987,
1. Article for the play of tennis (1) having one handle (5), one frame head (15) and a stringing pattern area (4), is characterized by beeing equipped with an opto-electro-acoustic circuit (3) including several optical sensors couples (8). Each couple has an optical transmitter (13) - Light Emitting Diode (LED) - plus an optical receiver sensor (14) - Photo Diode (PD) , located into the frame head (15) facing each other on opposite sides of the racket head oval and dividing the stringing pattern area in several monitoring areas (s). Each LED (13) is able to emit a modulated optical signal which can be detected by the corresponding PD (14). Each optical sensor couple (8) is part of the opto-electro-acoustical circuit (3) which is able to produce sounds, through an acoustical transducer (12) due to the interruption of the optical beam connecting each of the above mentioned optical sensors couple (8).
2. Article as claimed in Claim 1, characterized by the fact that the output unit (12) is a loudspeaker, or a buzzer, or a color screen, or a signal transmitter.
3. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claim 1, characterized by the fact that the optical sensor couples (8) are located at opposite sides of the stringing pattern plane (4).
4. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claims 2 and/or 3, characterized by the fact that the optical sensors of each couple (8) are placed in such a way that the junction lines (16) , also called optical paths are parallel to the racket axis (17) and separated by a quantity (f) whose value can be between 6-7 cm.
5. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claim 1, characterized by the fact that it includes three optical sensors couples (8) for each side of the stringing pattern.
6. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claim 1, characterized by the fact that each optical sensor couple (8) includes one optical emitter (LED) (13) and an optical detector (PD) (14), embedded into seats (19) inside the frame head (15).
7. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claim 1, characterized by the fact that the LED's working wavelength is in the infrared and are fed by a 5 KHz impulsed signal with an "on" time equal to 1/20 of the whole signal period and that the optical sensors receivers (14) are associated with an optical filter screen (20) capable of both giving protection and operating a selection of the working spectral window.
8. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claim 6, characterized by the fact that the optical filter screens (20) have an external circular crown region which is opaque to the LED's wavelength emission and an internal circular region (22) transparent to the LED's emission radiation.
9. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claim 7, characterized by the fact that the inner region of the circular region (22) transparent to the LED's emission radiation has a diameter (g) of the input pin-hole on the PD's sensitive surface of 2 mm.
10. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claim 1, characterized by the fact that the opto-electro-acoustical circuit (3) is capable of detecting an interruption of the light beam of each couple (8) of optical sensors signaling it with a sound which has different characteristics for each couple (8) of such optical sensors, includes: Optical transmitting sensors (13) driven by a signal generator (7) whose power supply unit is a Optical receiving sensors (14) electrically connected two by two to an interface circuit (9), a threshold logical circuit (10) and one electrical unit for the generation of the output acoustical signals, or for the generation of signals driving an attacched or/and remote color (monochromatic) screen or for transmitting signal to any other remote device for output displaying. The two by two receivers (D1 and D6, D2 and D5, D3 and D4) are located on opposite sides regarding with the stringing pattern plane.
11. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claim 1, characterized by the fact that the cicuit (3) is embedded into the handle (5) with the feature of an easy battery (6) replacement removing the butt end cap (25).
12. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claim 10, characterized by the fact that the circuit (3) has surface mounting devices (SMD).
13. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claim 10, characterized by the fact that the circuit (3) has electronic components base on C-MOS technology.
14. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claim 10, characterized by the fact that the circuit (3) has a weight which does not exceed the 15 gramms, (battery not included) and covers a volume with about 2x6 cm basis and 6-7 mm in height.
15. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claim 9, characterized by the fact that this circuit is power supplied with 9 volt battery.
16. Article for the play of tennis as claimed in one or more of the previous Claims, characterized by the fact that the LED's and the PD's are protected with plastic screens.
17. Article for the play of tennis as described and/or shown.
Description:
The present invention relates to a new article for the play of tennis. In the play of tennis it is at the same time both fundamental and difficult the fact that the player has to hit the ball in the right way. That means hitting the ball with the maximum power and precision. The easiest way in order to sutisfy both the previous mentioned conditions is to hit the ball within the central zone of the hitting area of the string pattern of the racket head which is defined by the experts as the "power zone". Therefore it comes out the need of beeing able to use means which guaranty immediate,exact and unquestionable information about the impact-point between the ball and the hitting area. The aim of the present invention is to provide both trainers and trainees with the above mentioned means in order to make easier and worthier the learning experience of playing tennis. These means are all contained in the article for the play of tennis as claimed in Claim 1.The basic idea of the invention is to provide the traditional tennis racket with opto-electro-acoustical features in order to reach the desired localization informations about the impact-point between the ball and the hitting area with immediate and unquestionable precision. In accordance with the invention, the following targets have been accomplished: optimum optical power coupling between the sensors :tran minimum size and weight of the power- maximum efficiency of the opto-electro-acoustic circuit for optimum battery- fully portability, easy battery replacem maximum simplicity and essent shocks, vibrations and other exter Figures and drawings here enclosed are only explanatory examples and not limitations for the invention. Figure 1 is a schematic front view of the article as an invention in its globality. Figure 2 is a partial view a section along the line II of figure 1. Figure 3 is a section along the line III -III of figure 2. Figure 4 is a view along the line IV of figure 3. Figure 5 is a flowchart of the opto-electro-acoustic circuit.Referring to the above mentioned figures, the article for the play of tennis as an invention, labeled in a generic way as 1, includes a tennis racket 2 and an opto-electro-acoustic circuit 3. The racket 2 is by itself traditional and its components are the frame head 15, the stringing pattern 4 and the handle 5. Generally, both the frame head 15 and the handle 5 have an empty cavity in their inner part where the components of the opto-electro-acoustic circuit can be embedded. In order to make figure 1 more understandable we do not show in that figure the stringing pattern. The stringing of the racket is anyway a very well known and traditional process which uses the holes 23 in figure 2. The holes are placed in the frame head 15.Specifically referring to figure 5, the opto-electro-acoustic circuit 3, includes essentially a power supply unity 6, connected through a switch 24 to a signal generator 7. The signal generator 7 is connected ( or better drives) several couples of optical sensors 8 ( in the example that we are going to describe, we use six couples). The couples of optical sensors 8 are connected via their respective front-end circuits 9 to digital threshold circuits 10 . The digital threshold circuits are connected ( or better act ) on several units 11 which generate electric signals at several acoustical frequencies and are connected (or better drive) an acoustic transducer 12.Units 11 and the output devices ( in this example acoustic transducers) could be replaced with different output devices such as color screens or even a transmitting signal system. Each couple of optical sensors includes a transmitting diode, Light Emitting Diode (LED) 13 and a receiving diode , Photo Diode (PD) 14, or a photo-transistor. In a simplified case, six LED's 13 and six PD's 14 . The first are labeled with L1-L6 and the latter with D1-D6. Both the LED's 13 and the PD's 14 are embedded in the frame head 15. They are placed at opposite locations along the junction lines 16. Preferably these lines are parallel to the racket axis 17 of the handle 5 and at distance , let us say, "f". The distance "f" can be chosen in the range 6 to 7 cm. In that way, the stringing pattern (4) is subdivided in several monitoring areas (s).When the article for the play of tennis 1 is switched on, each LED 13 is transmitting a moduled optical signal which is detected by the dual optical sensor: the receiver PD 14.Three couples 8 of optical sensors are placed in the head of the racket. They all are located on one side of the plain of the stringing pattern. On the opposite side the remaining three couples are located. Preferably, the emitting diodes 13 are located in the frame head 15 at the opposite side of the handle 5, while the receiving PD 14 are located in the bridge which closes, at the bottom, the oval in the region near the handle. In order to prevent the article for the play of tennis 1 from schocks and possible external agents, the LED's 13 and the PD's 14 are embedded into inner seats 19, inside the frame head 15. Regarding the electric connections, as it is visible from figure 5, each PD 14 which is on one side of the stringing pattern is connected with an additional PD 14 which is on the remaining side of the stringing pattern.Both the mentioned PD 14 are connected to the same circuits 9, 10 and to the unit 11. In our case the receiver diodes D1 and D6 , D2 and D5 , D3 and D4 are connected in couple.Considering that tennis is a game usually played outdoors, it is important that the article for the play of tennis, as an invention, has to be reliable in such an environment and it is fundamental that the article 1 has to work properly even in conditions of direct and complete solar radiations. In such a condition common infrared PD's, working in the 800-900 nm, spectral range are fully saturated ( made "blind") by solar radiations, and they cannot detect the optical signal emitted by the LED's. In order to solve this problem one could use opto-electronic devices whose working wavelength is in the
nm spectral window.In fact at such wavelengths, the solar radiation at the earth surface has a minimum in intensity due to the radiation absorption caused by some elements of the atmosphere. Anyway some technical and not least commercial considerations induced us to use common PD's working in the near infrared. It was, therefore, necessary to solve the PD's saturation problem due to the solar radiations.This was possible on one hand exploiting the optical directionality properties of the LED's light beam, in comparison with the solar radiations and, on the other hand reducing the PD's acceptance corner. In alternative one could solve the problem with an electronic filtering of the signal but such a solution, although valid in theory, could result in a bigger complexity of the electronic circuit 3 both in power consumption and in realization costs. The exploiting of the optical directionality properties of the LED's light beam is the best solution because it does not exclude the electronic signal filtering as a complementary technique.It was experimentally found that the best performances are obtained when the input pin-hole in correspondence of the PD's sensitive surface has a diameter "g" of 2 mm for the traditional tennis rackets head dimensions.With such a pin-hole configuration, when LED's and the PD's are located at a distance equal to the major diagonal of the head oval, one can reach the best trade-off between spatial filtering of the solar radiation and the LED-PD optical power coupling. An additional important aspect in the optical power coupling is the LED driving electrical signal. Maximum efficiency has been obtained with a 5 KHz signal frequency which has an "on" time equal to 1/20 of the complete signal period.Such an impulsive signal characterized by an "on" time substantially reduced with respect of the corresponding "off "time, has important vantages in terms of efficiency compared with signals which have greater "on" versus "off " time ratios. An other important specific is that regarding weight and dimensions of the opto-electro-acoustic circuit 3. Such a specific has been sutisfied using Surface Mounted Devices (SMD). This technique allows a meaningful shrinking of the circuit 3 dimensions. The weight of the cicuit 3 as shown in figure 5 does not exceed 15 gramms, and it is contained in a volume with a basis of 2x6 cm and 6-7 mm in height. Taking into consideration that this circuit is power supplied with a 9 Volt battery whose weight is about 35 gramms, the addition in weight when the article is completely mounted is less than 50 gramms.In fact, the original amount in weight is reduced by removing large part of the balancing plumb located inside the handle which is replaced with the electronic components. For balancing reasons the circuit 3 is embedded in the handle 5, allowing the player to substitute the battery, just removing the plastic cap 25 at the butt end of the handle 5. Another important specific is the electronics low power consumption. Just to give an idea, it is considerably reasonable a power consumption quantifed by some hours of continous working when the circuit 3 i supplied by a commercial 9 Volt battery.Such a specific has been fullfilled using C-MOS technology devices whose power consumption is much lower than the analogous MOS devices. In order to make the article 1 more reliable, the LED's 13 and the PD's 14 can be protected with plastic screens 20 (figure 3 and 4) transparent to the emitting wavelength of the LED's.
& 2004-. All rights reserved.Position to duty cycle conversion apparatus and method
United States Patent 4682151
Resolvers are in common use as angular position sensing devices. Such resolvers normally require difficult to generate sine-wave excitation signals, and extensive decoding circuitry for producing an output signal related to angular position. The subject apparatus utilizes a generator to produce a rectangular-wave timing signal. A logic circuit receives the timing signal and responsively produces first and second rectangular-wave excitation signals, which are delivered to respective stator coils of a resolver. A decoding circuit receives one of the excitation signals and the phase encoded signal magnetically induced in the rotor coil of the resolver, and produces an angular position signal having a duty cycle responsive to the phase difference between the received signals.
Inventors:
Hoffman, John P. (Peoria, IL)
Application Number:
Publication Date:
07/21/1987
Filing Date:
12/04/1985
Export Citation:
Caterpillar Inc. (Peoria, IL)
Primary Class:
Other Classes:
International Classes:
G08C19/46; (IPC1-7): H03M1/00
Field of Search:
340/347SY, 318/661, 364/816
View Patent Images:
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US Patent References:
4321684Sommeria318/6613922671Tripp340/347SY3828331Brooks340/1793676650Henegar340/347SY3639850Brooks329/503226710Tripp340/347SY
Foreign References:
GB1155334A
Primary Examiner:
Miller, Charles D.
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
Noe, Stephen L.
1. Apparatus for producing an electrical signal having a duty cycle that varies in response to the angular position of a rotatable shaft, comprising:
a resolver having a frame, said shaft being rotatably mounted in said frame, a rotor coil connected to said shaft, and first and second stator coils each having respective first and second stator coil terminals, said stator coils being mounted on said frame and positioned a
generator means for producing a rectangular-
a counter having a plurality of coded output terminals, and a count input terminal connected to
first and second logic gates, each having respective input terminals connected to predetermined ones of said counter coded output terminals, and output terminals connected to respective ones of said first and second s
first and second signal inverters, each having an input terminal connected to a respective one of said first and second logic gate output terminals, and an output terminal connected to a respective one of said first and second s
a low pass filter having an output terminal, and an input terminal connecte
a signal conditioning circuit having an output terminal, and an input terminal connected to said fi
a latch having a first input terminal connected to one of said first and second logic gate output terminals, and a second input terminal connected to said signal conditioning ci and
wherein each of said first and second stator coils includes respective first and second stator coil terminals, one of said first and second stator coil terminals being connected to a respective one of said first and second logic gate output terminals, and the other of said first and second stator coil terminals being connected to a respective one of said first and second signal inverter output terminals.
2. Apparatus for producing an electrical signal having a duty cycle that varies in response to the angular position of a rotatable shaft, comprising:
a resolver having a frame, said shaft being rotatably mounted in said frame, a rotor coil connected to said shaft, and first and second stator coils mounted on said frame and positioned a
generator means for producing a rectangular-
logic means for receiving said timing signal, responsively producing first and second rectangular-wave excitation signals, and delivering said first and second excitation signals to respective ones of said first and second stator coils, and wherein said logic means includes a counter, said counter having a plurality of coded output terminals, and a count input terminal connected to
decoding means for receiving a phase encoded signal magnetically induced in said rotor coil in response to said first and second rectangular-wave excitation signals, comparing said phase encoded signal with one of said first and second excitation signals, and producing a position signal having a duty cycle responsive to the phase difference between s
first and second logic gates each having respective input terminals connected to predetermined ones of said counter coded output terminals, and output terminals connected to respective ones of said first and
first and second signal inverters, each having an input terminal connected to a respective one of said first and second logic gate output terminals, and an output terminal connected to a respective one of said first and and
wherein each of said first and second stator coils includes respective first and second stator coil terminals, one of said first and second stator coil terminals being connected to a respective one of said first and second logic gate output terminals, and the other of said first and second stator coil terminals being connected to a respective one of said first and second signal inverter output terminals.
Description:
DESCRIPTION TECHNICAL FIELDThis invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for producing a duty cycle signal in response to mechanical motion, and more particularly, to an apparatus and method for producing an electrical signal having a duty cycle that varies in response to the angular position of a rotatable shaft. BACKGROUND ART Owing to the ever increasing use of digital electronic circuits, and the various control options made possible by the availability of such circuits, it is becoming increasingly necessary to provide suitable transducers that operate in the digital domain. For example, induction resolvers have long been used in industry for translating mechanical angular position into a responsive analog signal. The analog signal is typically a phase encoded sine-wave signal produced by transformer action in one or more coils of the resolver. Such resolvers are capable of high resolution of angular position. However, the resultant phase encoded sine-wave signal is unsuitable for direct use in digital circuits. Therefore, some form of phase-to-digital conversion has necessarily been employed. One example of a phase-to-duty cycle conversion apparatus is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,639,850, issued Feb. 1, 1972, to Herman H. Brooks. Brooks discloses circuitry for squaring the phase encoded sine-wave signal delivered from a conventional resolver, comparing the squared signal with a similarly squared reference signal, and responsively producing a duty cycle signal. Similar circuitry is shown in a subsequent patent, U.S. Pat. No. 3,828,331, also issued to Brooks on Aug. 6, 1974. While both of these patents do disclose the provision of a duty cycle signal responsive to the angular position of a resolver, they, in accord with other known art, suffer the disadvantage of requiring that the resolver be excited with sine-wave signals. As those skilled in the art are aware, the generation of precision sine-wave signals is relatively complicated. The situation is further complicated when a resolver having multiple stator coils, each requiring a phase shifted excitation signal, is employed. In the case of a dual stator resolver, both sine and cosine excitation signals must be produced. The circuitry required merely to produce the excitation signals is complex and expensive, as is the circuitry subsequently required for decoding or demodulating the signals. The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems as set forth above. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION In one aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for producing an electrical signal having a duty cycle that varies in response to the angular position of a rotatable shaft is provided. The apparatus includes a resolver having the shaft rotatably mounted in a frame. The resolver includes a rotor coil connected to the shaft and first and second stator coils mounted on the frame and positioned about the rotor coil. A generator produces a rectangular-wave timing signal, and a logic circuit receives the timing signal and responsively produces first and second rectangular-wave excitation signals. The first and second excitation signals are delivered to respective ones of the first and second stator coils. A decoding circuit receives the phase encoded signal induced in the rotor coil in response to the excitation signals, compares the phase encoded signal with one of the excitation signals, and produces a duty cycle encoded position signal. In a second aspect of the present invention, a method for producing an electrical signal having a duty cycle that varies in response to the angular position of a rotatable resolver shaft is provided. A resolver has a frame in which the resolver shaft is rotatably mounted, a rotor coil connected to the shaft, and first and second stator coils mounted on the frame and positioned about the rotor coil. The method includes the steps of producing a rectangular-wave timing signal and first and second rectangular-wave excitation signals. The excitation signals are delivered to respective ones of the first and second stator coils. The phase encoded signal that is induced in the rotor coil in response to the excitation signals is received and decoded. The decoded signal is compared with one of the excitation signals and a position signal having a duty cycle responsive to the phase difference between the compared signals is produced. The present invention provides a digitally compatible duty cycle position signal utilizing a conventional resolver as a sensing device. The resolver advantageously employs easily generated rectangular-wave signals for excitation, and requires no sine-wave signal generation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a better understanding of the present invention, reference may be made to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of t and FIG. 2 is a plurality of waveforms associated with various test points indicated on FIG. 1.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings, an apparatus embodying certain of the principles of the present invention is generally indicated by the reference numeral 10. It should be understood that the following detailed description relates to the best presently known embodiment of the apparatus 10. However, the apparatus 10 can assume numerous other embodiments, as will become apparent to those skilled in the art, without departing from the appended claims. The apparatus 10 includes a resolver 12 having a frame 14 with a shaft 16 rotatably mounted therein. A rotor coil 18 is connected to the shaft 16, and first and second stator coils 20,22 are mounted on the frame 14 and positioned about the rotor coil 18. Each of the first and second stator coils 20,22 has respective first and second stator coil terminals 20a,20b,22a,22b. A generator means 24 produces a rectangular-wave timing signal. The generator means 24 is, for example, a simple multivibrator composed of a Schmidt trigger 26, a timing capacitor 28, and a feedback resistor 29. The frequency of the rectangular-wave timing signal produced by the generator means 24 is responsive to the value of the timing capacitor 28 and feedback resistor 29. If greater precision is required, a crystal based multivibrator can be incorporated in the generator means 24. A logic means 30 receives the timing signal from the generator means 24 and responsively produces first and second rectangular-wave excitation signals. The excitation signals have a predetermined phase relationship to one another, and are delivered to respective ones of the first and second stator coils 20,22. The logic means 30 includes a counter 32 having a plurality of coded output terminals, and a count input terminal 34 connected to the generator means 24. The counter 32 is, for example, a commercially available divide-by-ten counter having ten output terminals, five of which are used in the preferred embodiment, and are labelled "0-4". In the preferred embodiment, the counter output terminal "0" is connected to the first logic gate first input terminal 36a and the counter output terminal "1" is connected to the first logic gate second input terminal 36b. Correspondingly, the counter output terminal "1" is also connected to the second logic gate first input terminal 38a, and the counter output terminal "2" is connected to the second logic gate second input terminal 38b. Finally, the output terminal labelled "4" is connected to a "reset" terminal of the counter 32. The logic means 30 also includes first and second signal inverters 40,42, each having an input terminal connected to a respective one of the first and second logic gate output terminals and an output terminal connected to a respective one of the first and second stator second coil terminals 20b,22b. In the preferred embodiment, the first signal inverter 40 has an input terminal connected to the first logic gate 36 output terminal, and an output terminal connected to the first stator coil second terminal 20b. Correspondingly, the second signal inverter 42 has an input terminal connected to the second logic gate 38 output terminal, and an output terminal connected to the second stator coil second terminal 22b. A decoding means 44 receives the phase encoded signal, magnetically induced in the rotor coil 18 in response to the first and second rectangular-wave excitation signals. The decoding means 44 compares the phase encoded signal with one of the first and second excitation signals and produces a position signal having a duty cycle responsive to the phase difference between the compared signals. The decoding means 44 includes filter means 46 for extracting a fundamental frequency signal from the induced phase encoded signal. The filter means 46 includes a low pass filter circuit 48 having an output terminal, and an input terminal connected across the rotor coil 18. The filter 48 is shown in block form, and can be, for example, any conventional low pass filter circuit, either active or passive. In the simplest embodiment, the filter 48 is a conventional, multi-stage R/C passive filter circuit. The decoding means 44 also includes a signal conditioning circuit 50 having an output terminal, and an input terminal connected to the filter 48 output terminal. The signal conditioning circuit 50 can be any conventional circuit suitable for squaring an electrical signal. In the preferred embodiment, the signal conditioning circuit 50 is a simple logic inverter. The output terminal of the signal conditioning circuit 50 is connected to a first differentiation circuit composed of a capacitor 52 and resistor 54. A similar second differentiation circuit composed of a capacitor 56 and resistor 58 is connected to the output terminal of the first logic gate 36. A latch 60, for example, a R/S flip-flop, has a first input terminal connected through the second differentiation circuit capacitor 56 to the output of the first logic gate 36, and a second input terminal connected through the first differentiation circuit capacitor 52 to the output of the signal conditioning circuit 50. The latch 60 also has an output terminal at which is provided the duty cycle output signal from the apparatus 10. Industrial Applicability Operation and use of the apparatus 10 is best understood by reference to the various signal waveforms depicted in FIG. 2 and associated with indicated test points in FIG. 1. In a typical application, the shaft 16 of the resolver 12 is linked to a mechanical device (not shown). Movement of the mechanical device causes the shaft 16 to rotate, through an appropriate linkage, within the resolver frame 14, and a duty cycle signal representing the angle of the shaft 16 position is delivered at the output terminal of the latch 60. The generator means 24 continuously produces a rectangular-wave timing signal which is delivered to the count input terminal 34 of the counter 32. The counter 32 divides the received rectangular-wave timing signal, and responsively produces a plurality of output signals at the counter output terminals "0-4". Each pulse received from the generator means 24 causes a respective one of the counter output terminals to switch from a logic "low" state to a logic "high" state for the duration of that pulse, as shown in the waveform drawing inset in FIG. 1. Upon the receipt of every fifth pulse from the generator means 24, the counter 32 is reset by the pulse at the output terminal labelled "4" being fed back into the "reset" terminal of the counter 32. The counter 32 output terminals "0-2" are connected to respective input terminals of the first and second logic gates 36,38. Responsively, the first and second logic gates 36,38 produce the first and second rectangular-wave excitation signals shown respectively at the test points "S1" and "S2". Owing to the particular interconnection of the logic gate input terminals 36a,36b,38a,38b, and counter output terminals "0-2", the first and second rectangular-wave excitation signals are exactly 90 degrees out of phase, one with the other. The produced rectangular-wave excitation signals are delivered to respective ones of the stator coil first terminals 20a,22a of each of the first and second stator coils 20,22. The stator coil second terminals 20b,22b of the first and second stator coils 20,22 are also connected to the respective output terminals of the first and second logic gates 36,38. However, the connection is through respective ones of the first and second inverters 40,42. This particular circuit arrangement advantageously causes the average excitation current flowing through the stator coils 20,22 to be zero. In applications where zero average current is not necessary or advantageous, one terminal of each of the first and second stator coils 20,22 can be connected to circuit ground, and the first and second inverters 40,42 can be eliminated from the circuit. The logic devices supplying the excitation current are preferably CMOS types, capable of operating "rail-to-rail" over the full supply voltage range. Each of the first and second logic gates 36,38 and first and second inverters 40,42 can be of CMOS construction, or additional CMOS drivers can be incorporated in the stator coil circuits. Excitation of the first and second stator coils 20,22 causes a responsive current to be magnetically induced in the rotor coil 18. The phase relationship of the signal induced in the rotor coil 18 to the first and second excitation signals is determined by the angular relationship of the rotor coil 18 to the first and second stator coils 20,22. In response to the excitation signals being rectangular waves, the phase encoded signal, designated as "R" in the figures, is a complex rectangular waveform containing angular position information. The phase encoded signal "R" is processed by the low pass filter 48, which produces a decoded sine-wave signal at the test point F. The sine-wave signal is squared in a conventional signal conditioning circuit 50 and is delivered through the capacitor 52 to one input of the latch 60. The squared signal is depicted at test point "P" in the figures. The latch 60 performs a phase difference to duty cycle conversion, utilizing the decoded phase related signal delivered from the rotor 18, and a phase related reference signal, as input signals. Owing to the fact that the phase information is necessarily related to both of the first and second rectangular-wave excitation signals, the reference signal used can be either of the first and second excitation signals. In the embodiment shown in the figures, the reference signal is taken from the output of the first logic gate 36 and is differentiated by the combination of the capacitor 56 and resistor 58. The result of applying the decoded phase related signal and the selected excitation signal to the input terminals of the latch 60, is that the latch 60 is "set" on the rising edge of the reference signal, and "reset" on the rising edge of the decoded phase related signal, and a duty cycle output signal is delivered at the terminal labelled "OUT". Therefore, the duty factor of the duty cycle output signal is directly related to the angular position of the rotor 16 of the resolver 12. Representative signal waveforms for 3 different angles of shaft 16 rotation are depicted in FIG. 2. Each set of waveforms shows the relationship between the excitation signals, the induced phase encoded signal, and the resulting duty cycle signal. Exemplary waveforms for angles of rotation other than those depicted can readily be derived from a study of FIG. 2. The duty cycle output signal can be used in any one of a number of known ways in a digital control system. For example, the duty cycle output signal can be applied directly to an input terminal of a microprocessor, and the time relationship between the "high" and logic "low" logic levels can be determined. Alternatively, the duty cycle output signal can be applied to various hard wired logic circuitry for further processing. If the circuitry utilized with the apparatus 10 additionally requires an analog signal responsive to the position of the shaft 16, the duty cycle output signal can be low pass filtered to produce a DC signal responsive to the duty factor of the duty cycle output signal. The simplicity of the circuitry required to implement the apparatus 10 makes it advantageous over conventional resolver systems, regardless of the form of output signal ultimately required. The embodiment of the invention described above provides a duty cycle output signal responsive to the angular position of a shaft 16, utilizing simple and inexpensive digital logic circuitry. The stator coils 20,22 are excited with easily generated and inherently stable rectangular-wave signals, as opposed to the conventional sine-wave excitation signals normally utilized with such resolvers. Other aspects, objects, advantages, and uses of this invention can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims.
& 2004-. All rights reserved.