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, 1 January 2011, Pages 110–128
Ecology and evolution of Devonian trees in New York, USA, , , a Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USAb Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, ChinaThe first trees in New York were Middle Devonian (earliest Givetian) cladoxyls (?Duisbergia and Wattieza), with shallow-rooted manoxylic trunks. Cladoxyl trees in New York thus postdate their latest Emsian evolution in Spitzbergen. Progymnosperm trees (?Svalbardia and Callixylon&Archaeopteris) appeared in New York later (mid-Givetian) than progymnosperm trees from Spitzbergen (early Givetian). Associated paleosols are evidence that Wattieza formed intertidal to estuarine mangal and Callixylon formed dry riparian woodland. Also from paleosols comes evidence that Wattieza and Callixylon required about 350 mm more mean annual precipitation than plants of equivalent stature today, that Wattieza tolerated mean annual temperature 7 &C less than current limits of mangal (20 &C), and Callixylon could tolerate temperatures 14 &C less than modern mangal. Devonian mangal and riparian woodland spread into New York from wetter regions elsewhere during transient paleoclimatic spikes of very high CO2 (3923 & 238 ppmv), and subhumid (mean annual precipitation 730 & 147 mm) conditions, which were more likely extrinsic atmospheric perturbations rather than consequences of tree evolution. For most of the Middle Devonian CO2 was lower (2263 & 238 ppmv), and paleoclimate in New York was semiarid (mean annual precipitation 484 & 147 mm). Such transient perturbations and immigration events may explain the 40 million year gap between the late Emsian (400 Ma) evolution of trees and Famennian (360 Ma) CO2 drawdown and expansion of ice caps.KeywordsDevonian; Givetian; New York; Catskill Group; Paleosol; Paleobotany
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Method for Numeric Solving of 2.5D MHD Equations in Moving Coordinate System
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AIP Conf. Proc. 299, 121 (Tue Mar 01 00:00:00 UTC 1994);
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19-23 April 1993
London, United Kingdom
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This paper is devoted to the describing of numeric method for solving 2.5D MHD equations. The method is based on splitting the original system onto two systems : hyperbolic and diffusive. Explicit difference scheme for the first system is of TVD type, and implicit scheme for the second one has been got through the approximation of energy function. The results of some illustrative calculations are shown.
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Method for Numeric Solving of 2.5D MHD Equations in Moving Coordinate System
AIP Conf. Proc. 299, 121 (Tue Mar 01 00:00:00 UTC 1994);
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Scitation: Method for Numeric Solving of 2.5D MHD Equations in Moving Coordinate System
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