如何开始写英文论文？ - 知乎9144被浏览249566分享邀请回答epa.vic.gov.au/ecologicalfootprint/globalfootprint/index.aspAPPENDIX The appendices section is
for material that is relevant and is referred to in the report, but is too long
or is not necessary to be included in the body of the report.Examples:
QuestionnaireAppendices
to be labelled:
Appendix A, Appendix B
etc.WRITING A BIBLIOGRAPHYTake
careful note of the order in which the information appears below –
alphabetically! The format is different for books, magazines and internet. Most
entries begin with an author but if not then the title, etc. is shown.1.0 BOOKSAuthor’s
family name, initial or first name, (date of publication), title in italics, name of publisher, place where published.Barron,
M L (2010) Business Finance,
McGraw-Hill, Sydney.Kitchen,
P D (Ed.) (1997) Business Law:
Fundamentals, Thompson, London.Brown,
M and White, P (2000) Writing Assignments,
Thomas Nelson, Melbourne.2.0 JOURNALS/MAGAZINES/NEWSPAPERSAuthor’s
family name, initial or first name, (date of publication),“title of article”, name of journal in italics, volume
number, (issue number), pp. numbers.Smith,
B (2002) “Can you write an essay?” ,Education
Times, 64, (10), pp. 24-28.Mitchell,
Ben (2000) “Students fail English test”,
Xin Hua, 13 September, p. 5.3.0 Web
SitesAuthor’s
family name, first name/initial, (date of publication), title of page in italics, URL, date accessed. Or Title of page, URL, date accessed.Quinion,
M, (1996) Citing online sources.Advice on online citations formats
(Accessed 7.9.2013)Information resource,
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　this form for: 不要将本表用作以下用途: U.S....person, including a resident alien individual 美国... foreign central bank of issue, foreign tax-... 　form of discontent with which the world's ...Even individual achievements that at first glance ...order to learn how to use the new technology. ... 　拿破仑 Napoleon: individual 的重要性. 此人是著名...hongranwin 整理 政治范畴 1:The Nixon's ...“就这么一句话,解决了至 少 4 个 GRE issue 的... 　Performance Review Form - Kevei_工作总结/汇报_...Employee’s Self-Appraisal Rating Manager’s ... 3 Select 3 Select Individual ... 　An individual copy of this Form 415B shall be ...issue(s) without any obvious “why” questions ...Page 2 of 5 Author: L. Bernstein Approval: R...And so the author's note that desire might be weakened by aversive visceral factors, like pain.
所以发表论文的作者也注明这种渴望也会被“负面的本能因素”减弱，比如说疼痛。
Author's Note: This whole essay, although sprinkled with truisms here and there, is a joke and should be taken like one.
作者附言 ：这整篇文章是都是在搞笑而且应该被当成搞笑，尽管它到处都夹杂着一些自明之理。
Author’s Note: While these traits may apply in part or in whole to me and other analytical people, we are all complex creatures.
作者注：尽管这些特质可能部分或全部适用于我或其他分析型人士，但是我们可都是复杂的生物体。
Author's note: This article assumes that you are familiar with RUP methodology and with some of its key concepts.
作者提示：本文假设您很熟悉RUP方法论及其主要概念。
Author's note: David points out that this capability is especially useful for Web services, where the intention is for complete interoperability, but the reality is somewhere short of that goal.
作者注：David指出，这种能力对于Web服务尤其有用，其目的在于完全的互操作性，但现实有时无法达到这种目标。
However much enthusiasm he brought to the task, he does not inspire optimism by writing in an author’s note that he and his editor deemed Goldman Sachs “the next mountain we needed to climb.”
不管他对这一任务怀有多大热情，仅仅靠在笔记本上写下他和编辑认为高盛是他们“要征服的下一座山峰”这样的话是不能鼓舞士气的。
In an author's note, Vlasic explains: "Conversations were reconstructed based on the recollections of at least one participant; others involved were asked about their accuracy."
维拉斯克在批注中解释道：“所有对话都根据至少一位参与者的回忆重新进行了整理；并向其他相关人士验证了对话的准确性。”
The author’s note tells us that Mr. Murakami has written “some 40” novels over the last 35 years.
在作者注释中，村上先生告诉我们，在最近的35年里他写作了超过40多部小说。
Then, when we open up the front, we see the author's note to the second edition, and this was something O'Connor added to the novel in 1962.
然后当我们打开书的前几页，会看到作者对第二版的注解，这是奥康纳在1962年加上去的。
Author’s note: This post begins the rough draft of the third chapter of my book in progress, Going Mild: 7 Ways to Lead a Life of Quiet Inspiration.
作者手记：本帖始于我正在撰写的拙著《放缓速度：从容、恬静生活的7种方法》第三章的草稿。
Author’s Note: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- A lot of people read theBible.
作者笔记：很多人读过圣经。
An author's note explains why the human characters are dressed in 17th-century garb.
作者的说明解释为什么人类角色是在17世纪的装束打扮。
Usually, the author's note, as an unconventional part of Song Ci - Poetry, is used to make explanation on the text itself.
自注是词体结构的一个非常规部分，主要起解释说明的作用。
Author's note: Writing something freely in mind to record life, and also to practice my English.
作者按：随手写一些东西，记录生活，也练习一下我的英文。
Author's Note: Dear reader, while this story is absolutely untrue I make no apologies, for in the imagination of the heart and at the heart of imagination everything is possible and anything could be.
作者的提醒：亲爱的读者，如果这个故事缺乏真实性，我不打算道歉，因为在内心的想像中，在想像的心脏里每件事件都是可能发生的任何事件都是可能存在的。
Author's note: Be sure that the power source current and voltage are compatible with the accelerometer you've selected to achieve optimal performance and to avoid possible damage.
作者提示：请确保电源电流和电压与所选的加速表兼容，以实现最优的性能，避免可能的损坏。
Editor’s note: Guest author Steve Cheney is an entrepreneur and formerly an engineer &programmer specializing in web and mobile technologies.
编辑语：来宾作者SteveCheney是一位企业家，之前曾经是一位专注于网络和移动技术领域的工程师与程序员。
Editor's note: Mohja Kahf, author of the novel "The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf, " is a poet and associate professor of comparative literature at the University of Arkansas.
编辑笔记：MohjaKahf，小说《围着橘红色围巾的小女孩》的作者，是一名诗人，现任阿肯色州大学相对文学系的副教授。
Editor's note : Bruce Schneier is a security technologist and author of "Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World."
编辑说明：BruceSchneier是一位计算机安全技术专家，以及《超越恐惧：在不确定的世界中理性思考安全》的作者。
Carole’s Note: This is a guest post by Jennifer Jefferies, speaker, naturopath and author of Seven Steps to Sanity.
Carole的便条：这是JenniferJefferies的作客讲堂，他是个演说家，理疗家和心智健康七步走的作者。
One final note; the Java(TM) code shown above is the author"s first attempt at placing custom Java code in a collaboration.
一个最后注意事项，上面所示Java(TM)代码是作者将自定义Java代码放置在协作中的第一个尝试。
Editor's note: CNN contributor Bob Greene is a best-selling author whose current book is "When We Get to Surf City: A Journey Through America in Pursuit of Rock and Roll, Friendship, and Dreams."
编者按 :CNN撰稿人BobGreene是畅销书作者他最近的著作《当我们到达冲浪城：追逐摇滚、友谊和梦想的一次环美之旅》
Note that the connection string in the demo app is valid for the author's development environment.
示例程序中的数据库连接字符串只适合作者的开发环境。
Note that the connection string in the demo app is valid for the author's development environment.
示例程序中的数据库连接字符串只适合作者的开发环境。
$firstVoiceSent
- 来自原声例句
请问您想要如何调整此模块？
感谢您的反馈，我们会尽快进行适当修改！
请问您想要如何调整此模块？
感谢您的反馈，我们会尽快进行适当修改！author s note
Author's Note： A similar version of this letter can be sent by your attorney if you prefer.
基于1个网页-
快速作者注
论宋词自注
作者生平简介
更多收起网络短语
Author’s Note: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- A lot of people read theBible.
作者笔记：很多人读过圣经。
Usually, the author's note, as an unconventional part of Song Ci - Poetry, is used to make explanation on the text itself.
自注是词体结构的一个非常规部分，主要起解释说明的作用。
Author's note: Writing something freely in mind to record life, and also to practice my English.
作者按：随手写一些东西，记录生活，也练习一下我的英文。
Then, when we open up the front, we see the author's note to the second edition, and this was something O'Connor added to the novel in 1962.
然后当我们打开书的前几页，会看到作者对第二版的注解，这是奥康纳在1962年加上去的。
"I also stole material profitably if shamelessly" from Balkoski's book and from that of another historian, Ambrose writes in an author's note.
Editor's note: Henry Schuster, a senior producer in CNN's investigative unit and author of "Hunting Eric Rudolph, " has been covering terrorism for more than a decade.
On February 2, 38 more scientists signed a note listing Kevin Trenberth of the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research as the first author.
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如何写reference宝典
Harvard(author-date)Referencing guide*104160**8*Harvard (author-date) referencing guideEdition 2009 Produced and printed by the Division of Teaching & Learning Services CQUniversity Australia Rockhampton, Queensland. COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Central Queensland University pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. CQU CRICOS Codes: 00219C - Q 01315F - NSW; 01624D - VicDEVELOPED BYAcademic Learning SupportDivision of Teaching and Learning ServicesDivision of Teaching & Learning Services Rockhampton, Queensland Australia2This is a guide to the Harvard author-date referencing system. It is based on the following manual: Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev. by Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons Australia, Brisbane. Copyright: Commonwealth of Australia, reproduced by permission. This guide has been written primarily for the use of students undertaking the preparatory program, STEPS, at CQUniversity. At an undergraduate level, this document should be used for guidance only. Undergraduates should also consult their Study Guides and lecturers to find out which referencing conventions are preferred for their courses. Documents from the University of South Australia and the University of Adelaide provided the inspiration for the format of this referencing guide.This document can be found on CQUniversity’s website. Go to &http://www.cqu.edu.au/referencing& and click on Harvard (author-date).3Harvard (author-date) referencing guideContentsWhat is referencing? ..................................................................................................... 5 Why should you reference?........................................................................................... 5 Should you reference public domain information? .................................................. 5 What is plagiarism and how can you avoid it? ............................................................. 7 Which referencing system should you use? .................................................................. 8 Principles of author-date referencing............................................................................ 8 Ways of citing ............................................................................................................... 9 Paraphrasing................................................................................................................ 10 Paraphrase or use quotations? ................................................................................ 10 Using direct quotations ............................................................................................... 12 Page numbers .............................................................................................................. 14 Acronyms and initialisms ........................................................................................... 14 Difference between a reference list and a bibliography ............................................. 15 Features of the reference list ....................................................................................... 16 Frequently asked questions (FAQs) ............................................................................ 19 Harvard in-text and reference list models ................................................................... 21 Quick guide to referencing models ............................................................................. 22 Hard copy books ......................................................................................................... 24 Electronic books ......................................................................................................... 29 Hard copy journal articles ........................................................................................... 30 Online or electronic journals ...................................................................................... 31 Hardcopy―newspaper articles ................................................................................... 32 Electronic copy―newspaper articles.......................................................................... 33 Other documents on the World Wide Web (WWW) .................................................. 34 Government sponsored websites................................................................................. 35 Hard copy government or legal documents ................................................................ 37 Hard copy university provided study materials .......................................................... 39 Electronic copy university provided study materials .................................................. 41 Specialised sources ..................................................................................................... 42 Evaluating websites for educational use ..................................................................... 48 Sample reference list ................................................................................................... 49 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 50 Index ........................................................................................................................... 514What is referencing?When you write an assignment at university, you are required to refer to the work of other authors. Each time you do so, it is necessary to identify their work by making reference to it― both in the text of your assignment and in a list at the end of your assignment. This practice of acknowledging authors is known as referencing. References must be provided whenever you use someone else’s opinions, theories, data or organisation of material. You need to reference information from books, articles, videos, computers, other print or electronic sources, and personal communications. A reference is required if you: ? ? ? ? quote (use someone else’s exact words) copy (use figures, tables or structure) paraphrase (convert someone else’s ideas into your own words) summarise (use a brief account of someone else’s ideas).Why should you reference?References enhance your writing and assist your reader by: ? ? ? ? ? showing the breadth of your research strengthening your academic argument showing the reader the source of your information allowing the reader to consult your sources independently allowing the reader to verify your data.Should you reference public domain information?Public domain information is information that is so widely known that it is considered everybody would be aware of its source. The general public use public domain information freely. Where authors or sources are so widely known, specific citation may not be required. Check with your lecturer on this issue. For example: As Shakespeare observed, ‘All the world’s a stage …’.5Harvard (author-date) referencing guideThe quick guide to referencingRobert Harris designed this simple flowchart to assist students to cite their research properly.Source: Harris (2001, p. 155)6Source: Harris (2001, p. 158) These flowcharts can be found in Harris, R 2001, The plagiarism handbook: strategies for preventing, detecting and dealing with plagiarism, Pyrczak, Los Angeles.What is plagiarism and how can you avoid it?Plagiarism is the intentional use of someone else’s ideas, words or concepts in your assignment work. It is considered serious misconduct at university and should be avoided at all times. CQUniversity has a policy on plagiarism and you are strongly encouraged to familiarise yourself with it. The following URL will lead you to the plagiarism policy: http://policy.cqu.edu.au/Policy/policy_file.do?policyid=198 Committing plagiarism can carry very serious penalties for students, including expulsion from a university. (Note: Expulsion for some international students may mean having to return to their own country because this forfeits their student visa.) Regrettably, students have been known to commit offences of plagiarism by not understanding what acceptable paraphrasing, summarising or quoting techniques are. This is discussed later in this guide. The best way to avoid being accused of plagiarism is to acknowledge the resources upon which you have based your ideas.7Harvard (author-date) referencing guideWhich referencing system should you use?There are a number of different referencing systems used in academic writing. CQUniversity acknowledges: ? ? author-date systems commonly known as Harvard and APA (American Psychological Association) footnoting or endnoting systems commonly used in History and Law.It is important that you use the referencing system required by your lecturer for an assignment and maintain consistency in using that system. This guide explains the Harvard system of author-date referencing. The information it contains is based on: Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev. by Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons Australia, Brisbane. Copyright: Commonwealth of Australia, reproduced with permission.Principles of author-date referencingThere are two parts to the author-date system of referencing: 1. 2. the author and the date are referred to in the text or main body of your writing (called embedded or in-text referencing) all of the resources referred to in the body of the writing are included in the reference list at the end of the assignment. All information is included in this list: author, date, title of publication, publisher and where it was published.The other features of author-date referencing include: ? ? a specific order in which this information should be structured the in-text reference which should be placed (cited) in such a way that it causes minimal disruption to the flow of your writing―this usually means at the very end or the very beginning of your sentences.When you cite sources of information in the text of your assignment―regardless of whether you quote, copy, paraphrase or summarise―you should include: ? ? ? ? the author’s surname (family name) the year of publication (latest edition) page numbers when directly quoting or closely paraphrasing an author’s words/material correct punctuation and spacing.8Ways of citingThere are two ways of citing: author prominent and information prominent.Author prominentThis way gives prominence to the author by using the author’s surname (family name) as part of your sentence with the date and the page number in parentheses (round brackets). Direct quote example Unterhalter (2007, p. 5) argues that ‘gender equality in schooling is an aspiration of global social justice’. Paraphrase example Unterhalter (2007, p. 5) suggests that equal treatment of the genders in education should be the goal of every just society.Information prominentThe other way of citing gives prominence to the information, with all the required referencing details in parentheses at the end of the citation. Direct quote example It has been argued that ‘gender equality in schooling is an aspiration of global social justice’ (Unterhalter 2007, p. 5). Paraphrase example Equal treatment of the genders in education should be the goal of every just society (Unterhalter 2007, p. 5).Verbs that help with author-prominent referencingstate remark maintain agree disagree highlight imply predict justify point out add assert claim contest find theorise question confirm describe suggest affirm clarify contend show offer dispute reason9Harvard (author-date) referencing guideParaphrasingParaphrasing means to restate accurately and succinctly in your own words something you have read. If your work does not refer to specific ideas on particular pages of a resource but to general themes mentioned throughout the resource, page numbers need not be shown. General theme Tertiary study requires various literacy skills (Doyle 2006). Specific idea According to Harper (1986, cited in Doyle 2006, p. 7), a sound level of maths is necessary to undertake university study.Paraphrase or use quotations?It is preferable that you paraphrase (put ideas in your own words) as too many quotations (using the exact words) can lead to a poorly written assignment. A general rule in academic circles is that no more than 10% of an assignment should be in the form of direct quotations. No matter whether you use quotations or paraphrase another’s words, you always need to give references―both in the text and in the reference list. We have used samples of text from CQUniversity’s (then Central Queensland University’s) plagiarism policy from 2002 to illustrate acceptable and unacceptable methods of using information in your assignments.Original text from plagiarism policy3. Plagiarism The University views the process of circumventing or attempting to circumvent assessment requirements very seriously. Consequently conduct of that sort may result in the suspension or exclusion of the student. Plagiarism involves submitting or presenting work in a course as if it were the student’s own work done expressly for that particular course when, in fact, it is not. Most commonly, plagiarism exists when: 3.1 the work submitted or presented was done, in whole or in part, by an individual other than the one submitting or presenting the work (this includes having another impersonate the student or otherwise substituting the work of another for one’s own in an examination or test); 3.2 parts of the work are taken from another source without reference to 3.3 the whole work, such as an essay, is copied and 3.4 a student submits or presents work in one course which has also been submitted in another course (although it may be completely original with that student) without the knowledge, or prior agreement of the instructor involved. The above is taken from Central Queensland University (CQU) 2002, Undergraduate handbook, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, p. 50.10Unacceptable: word-for-word copyingCentral Queensland University (CQU) views the process of attempting to circumvent assessment requirements very seriously. Indeed conduct of that sort may result in the suspension or exclusion of a student. Plagiarism is when a student submits or presents work in a course as if it were their own work, that they have done for that course when, in fact, it is not. Usually, plagiarism exists when: an individual other than the one undertaking the course, produces the work submitted or prese some parts of the work (assignment/s) submitted are taken from other sources but these source the whole work, such as an essay or research report, is copied and a student submits or presents work in one course which was also submitted in another course without the prior agreement of the instructor involved. This can even be the case if the work was completely original with that student.Why is this an unacceptable use of the original text?The words in italics are taken directly from the original source. In addition, the structure of the discussion is a direct reflection of the original source. Even if this material had been referenced with a citation this is still unacceptable. This is because the content has been so closely presented as to not truly reflect original use of the material. That is, the wording is virtually exactly from the Undergraduate handbook and the flow of ideas is also from the Undergraduate handbook. Although this version could have used quotation marks and citation details to adequately reference the content, it would have been so cluttered that it would read as poor quality work. If the concept or wording is so important to retain, then a direct quote is a better way to present the work. However, keep in mind that direct quoting should be used conservatively in any piece of work that you present. The overuse of quoting can distract from the flow of your discussion and also fail to demonstrate your understanding of the original material.Unacceptable: poor cut-and-paste practicePlagiarism most commonly exists in four ways. The first is when the work submitted or presented was done by someone other than the one submitting the work. The second is when the whole work, such as an essay, is copied from some other source. The third is when parts of the work are taken from another source and no reference is made to the original author. The last is when a student submits or presents work in one course which has also been submitted in another course and has not sought approval from the course
this is also plagiarism. It can be seen, therefore, that plagiarism involves submitting or presenting work in a course as if it were the student’s own work done expressly for that particular course when, in fact, it is not (Central Queensland University [CQU] 2002, p. 50).Why is this an unacceptable use of the original text?This is still an unacceptable paraphrasing of the original, even though a citation has been provided. This is because sections of the original source have simply been reordered and the original wording is still present (those words in italics). This version of the original is simply reflecting the student’s ability to cut-and-paste words from another source, and still does not demonstrate their own comprehension of the material. Although this version could have used quotation marks and a citation to reference the content adequately, it would have been so cluttered that meaning would have been lost.11Harvard (author-date) referencing guideIf it is important to retain the original wording, then use of a direct quote would be a better way to present the work. The use of the citation at the end of the paragraph is still inadequate for academic writing.Acceptable: paraphrasing and acknowledging sourceThe Central Queensland University (CQU) takes plagiarism ‘very seriously’ (CQU 2002, p. 50). Indeed, in the Undergraduate handbook (CQU 2002, p. 50), the issue of plagiarism is discussed and four examples of types of plagiarism are presented. These range from copying an entire piece of work without acknowledging that copying has occurred, through to having someone else do the work and then claim it as one’s own. Both of these are unacceptable. From the discussion in the Undergraduate handbook, it appears that it is also unacceptable if even only part of the work is copied and not acknowledged. The fourth example given in the Undergraduate handbook suggests that students can even ‘plagiarise’ their own work. This happens when a student has written an assignment for one course and then attempts to use the same assignment in another course (or courses). It is therefore important to acknowledge where information comes from and how it is being used in an assignment, or else the student may run the risk of committing plagiarism.Why is this acceptable use of the original text?The above example has made use of the ideas and concepts of the original text and demonstrated comprehension. Only a small amount of direct quoting was used and this was clearly indicated with the use of quotation marks and citation detail. In addition, the entire paragraph clearly establishes its relationship to the original text while not using the words or exact structure of the original. This type of paraphrasing demonstrates a student’s ability to analyse and apply information to their specific question.Using direct quotationsQuotations should be used sparingly, selected carefully, used in context, integrated into your text and reproduced exactly (including the words, spelling, punctuation, capitalisation and paragraphing of the original writer). The word [sic] (meaning so or thus) can be inserted in a quotation when the original text is incorrect with regard to grammar or spelling, or contains sexist or racist language. For example: ? According to Bloggs (2006, p. 21), the alarming growth in obesity levels in Australia can be attributed to ‘cendentary [sic] lifestyles, time saving household devices and the rapid growth of the fast food industry’. Smith (2006, p. 21) raises a contentious issue in the discipline debate with the belief that ‘when a child is at school, he [sic] must comply with the school rules unquestionably’. According to Jones (2004, p. 6), the Australian Government has not done enough to eradicate the feral cat and he states that ‘mandatory desexing of household cats ten years ago would of [sic] reduced feral cat numbers by 70% in 2003’.? ?A quotation is used if: ? ? ? ? misinterpretation would result from a change to the words a major argument needs to be recorded as evidence it is important to comment on, refute, or analyse the ideas expressed it is a particularly elegant or forceful phrase.12Short quotations Short quotations (fewer than 30 words) should: ? ? ? ? be incorporated into your sentence without disrupting the flow of your paragraph have single quotation marks have the full stop after the citation if the quote is information prominent keep the same font size.Incorporating a quote as part of your sentence―information prominent Students a however, ‘When students conquer the challenging initial days of the program, they begin to settle into a routine’ (Doyle 2006, p. 86). Incorporating a quote as part of your sentence―author prominent Students a however, as Doyle (2006, p. 86) suggests, ‘When students conquer the challenging initial days of the program, they begin to settle into a routine’. Long quotations Long quotations (more than 30 words) should: ? ? ? ? ? ? be introduced in your own words begin on a new line be fully indented by default (i.e. 1.27 cm) from the left margin be in single line spacing use a smaller font for the quotation, that is, change from size 12 to size 11 not be enclosed in quotation marks.Separate the quotation from the lead-in statement with one blank line. The lead-in statement ends with a colon (:). Separate the quotation from the text that follows it with one blank line. This is illustrated below. Introducing a long quote―information prominent Though many may recoil from making their private lives public in digital spaces, there are obvious benefits for young people:The public life is fun. It’s creative. It’s where their friends are. It’s theatre, but it’s also community: in this linked, logged world, you have a place to think out loud and be listened to, to meet strangers and go deeper with friends. (Nussbaum 2007, p. 27)Introducing a long quote―author prominent Rowan (2001, p. 39) summarises the effects of a limited world view when she states that:This poses a real challenge for educators. In many cases, we are drawing on educational resources, or curriculum documents which are themselves fairly narrow in the view of the world they represent. This helps to make this view seem natural and normal.If educators have a limited world view they will be unaware of the gaps in texts.13Harvard (author-date) referencing guideWords omitted from quotations To omit words from quotations, use an ellipsis (…). The quotation must still keep the same sense. Biggs (2007, p. 44) argues that in ‘constructive alignment … objectives are defined not just in terms of content, but also in terms of the level of understanding applied to that content’. Double quotations For a double quotation―that is, a quotation within a quotation―use double quotation marks inside single quotation marks: ‘The first words of Melville’s Moby Dick are “Call me Ishmael” and these words are full of significance’ was the first statement in Smith’s memorable speech (Johns 1995, p. 43). Square brackets in quotations Sometimes in quotations it is necessary to insert a word that explains the meaning of another word in that quotation. Place the explanation in square brackets. According to Cowie et al. (1996, p. 21), ‘The curriculum of the national schools in the 1870s included reading, writing, arithmetic, drill [physical exercises] and music’.Page numbersPage numbers should be used when you directly quote material (word-for-word) from the original publication. This includes tables or figures. Page numbers should also be used for indirect quotes and paraphrasing where the summarised material appears in specific pages, chapters or sections. The following examples illustrate the use of page numbers. One page referred to Pages that are not in sequence Pages that are in sequence Pages from a website (Priest 2006, p. 4) (Warnock 2006, pp. 1, 4 & 6) (Mcintosh & Simpson 2007, pp. 25C26) (Pickering & McMahon 2006, p. 1 of 2)Acronyms and initialismsAcronyms are words made up of the initial letters of a series of words. Examples are TAFE (from Technical and Further Education) and QANTAS (from Queensland And Northern Territory Aerial Services Ltd.) Initialisms are abbreviations made up of the initial letters of a series of words. Examples are NSW (for New South Wales) and NLA (for National Library of Australia). If you are referring numerous times to an organisation with a long title, you may use the relevant acronym or initialism. The first time you refer to the organisation, include both the full title and, in parentheses (round brackets), the acronym or initialism. Thereafter, the acronym or initialism will suffice. Both acronyms and initialisms are written without full stops.14Example The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) has a policy on removing injured animals. The RSPCA is permitted to enter a property at any time following a report of complaint (RSPCA 2006). In the reference list, both the long title and the acronym or initialism must be included. For example: Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) 2006, Policy statement on removal of animals at risk, RSPCA, Brisbane.Use of Latin termsSome Latin terms are still used in referencing. They are so commonly used in English that they are not presented in italics. Latin Terms et al. Meaning This term means ‘and others’. It is used for resources with four or more authors to shorten the in-text citation. It is not used in the reference list, where all authors are given. It is not italicised and ends with a full stop. sic The term means ‘thus’ or ‘this is how it was written’. It is used when there is a spelling or grammatical error or when sexist language is used in the original source quoted. This term [sic] appears immediately after the original error. It is not italicised and appears in square brackets. This term denotes ‘circa’ and means ‘approximately’. It is used when the approximate date is all that is known. It is not italicised and ends with a full stop.c.Difference between a reference list and a bibliographyThe reference list includes only sources referred to (cited) in the text of your assignment. You may also be required to provide a bibliography. A bibliography is presented in the same format as a reference list but it includes all material consulted in the preparation of your assignment. In other words, a bibliography presents the same items as a reference list but it also includes all other sources which you read or consulted but did not cite.15Harvard (author-date) referencing guideFeatures of the reference listElements for referencing a bookFor a book, the following elements should be presented in this order: ? ? ? ? ? ? surname and initials of author(s) year of publication title of book in italics and minimal capitalisation the edition, if not the original publication, for example, 4th edn publisher place of publication.There should be commas between all elements except the initials of the author(s) and the date.BookAuthors’ surnames and initials Year of publicationTitle of book in minimal capitalisationPublisherPlace (city) of publicationShearman, D & Sauer-Thompson, G 1997, Green or gone, Wakefield Press, Kent Town.Ampersand Italics for book title Commas between elements except author(s) and date Full stop at the endElements for referencing a journal articleFor a journal article, the following elements should be presented in this order: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? surname and initials of author(s) year of publication title of article in single quotation marks and minimal capitalisation title of journal or periodical in italics and maximal capitalisation volume number where applicable issue number or other identifier where applicable, for example, Winter page number(s).16Journal articleAuthor’s surname and initials Year of publication Title of article in minimal capitalisation and in single quotation marks Italics and maximal capitalisation for journal titleStove, RJ 1999, ‘Xenophobia: the great local content myth’, Institute of Public Affairs Review, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 14C16.Volume and issue number in lower casePage numbersFull stop at the endArranging the reference list1. The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order according to the author’s family name. (Do not use numbers, letters or bullet points to begin each entry.) 2. Any reference that starts with a number (e.g. ‘1973 AD to 1981 AD’ n.d.) precedes the alphabetical listing and is listed numerically. 3. Where there is more than one author of a publication, maintain the order of their names as they appear on the title page of the publication, even if they are not in alphabetical order on the title page. 4. If a reference has no author, list it alphabetically according to the sponsoring body, for example, CSIRO or Education Queensland. 5. If there is no author or sponsoring body, list alphabetically according to the title. The whole title of the resource must appear, but when listing alphabetically, ignore words such as ‘The’, ‘A’, ‘An’ at the beginning of the reference’s title. For example, ‘The Australian child’ should be alphabetised according to the ‘A’ in ‘Australian’. 6. If there are two or more references by the same author, then list them in order of publication date with the oldest work first. 7. If references by the same author have been published in the same year, then list them alphabetically according to the title and add the letter ‘a’ after the first date, and ‘b’ after the second date, and so on (e.g. 2007a, 2007b, 2007c).Formatting the reference listThe reference list should begin on a new page. The title should be References and it should be: ? ? ? bold left aligned in the same font size as the document, 12 pt.Note: headings are neither underlined nor punctuated.17Harvard (author-date) referencing guideThe references contained in the list should: ? ? ? ? ? be in single line spacing have a blank single line space between each reference (Hint: use paragraph spacing of 12 pt) be left aligned be arranged alphabetically be the final page of your assignment. (Any appendices are placed after the reference list.)A sample reference list illustrating this formatting has been provided at the end of this guide on page 49.CapitalisationSome lecturers/faculties require a specific form of capitalisation in the reference list. Check to see if there is a specific requirement and follow it. If there is no requirement, the Harvard authordate system endorses minimal capitalisation. Minimal capitalisation Only the first word in the titles of books, chapters and journal articles is capitalised. Authors’ names and initials, journal titles and publishing firm names are always capitalised. If the title of the article, book or chapter contains a colon, only capitalise if the first word after the colon is a proper name. For example: Jones, B 1999, The history of rock: John Lennon, Zen Publishing, London. For journal titles use maximal capitalisation. Maximal capitalisation For titles of periodicals (journals, magazines and newspapers), capitalise the first word and also any other word which is not ‘the’, ‘a’, ‘an’, a preposition (such as ‘for’, ‘on’, ‘under’, ‘about’) or a conjunction (such as ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’), for example: The Journal of Sociology. The following examples highlight the differences between minimal and maximal capitalisation. Minimal capitalisation ‘Green light for operation glass ceiling’ 1999, Queensland women, viewed 22 May 2000, http://www.qldwoman.qld.gov.au/qwo/9712/ceiling.html Kaye, M 1994, Communication management, Prentice-Hall, Sydney. Maximal capitalisation Anderson, A & Ellis, A 2001, ‘Using Desktop Video to Enhance Music Instruction’, Australian Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 279C294. Crystal, D 1996, Discover Grammar, Pearson Education, Harlow.18Frequently asked questions (FAQs)These FAQs may provide you with information that you cannot find elsewhere in this booklet. Q1: Is the printer also the publisher? A1: Not often. Do not use phrases like ‘Government Printer’ to indicate the publisher. Q2: What if there are two publishers for the resource? A2: Show both publishers separated by an ampersand (&). Q3: Do I need to cite all the editorial offices? A3: No. Cite the main editorial office responsible for producing the resource―use the first one listed on the title page. To be sure, check this on the verso page (the back of the title page). Q4: Does the Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS) publish all Commonwealth Government publications? A4: The AGPS doe however, older publications may give the AGPS as the publisher and this should be adhered to. Q5: Do I include the country name as well as the city/town name? A5: No. However, the manual does state that you could give the country with little known place names (Commonwealth of Australia 2002, p. 203). Q6: Is the date of publication the same as the copyright date? A6: Usually, but not always. For some publications the copyright is held by an author who may arrange publications by different publishers on different dates. Q7: Is the author’s name the same as the name next to the ? symbol? A7: Not usually―but sometimes this can be the case. Q8: Why is the University’s name sometimes written as Central Queensland University and sometimes as CQUniversity? Q8: In 2008, Central Queensland University became known as CQUniversity. Anything published before 2008 i anything published after 2008 uses the new name. In your references, use the name exactly as it appears on the source you are referring to.19Harvard (author-date) referencing guideQ9: What if no edition is shown? A9: Assume it is the first edition. You do not have to include this (1st edn) in
only the second edition or later editions need to be specified. Q10: If the title words on the spine or cover of a book are different from those on the title page, which do I use? A10: Use those on the title page. Q11: Should multiple authors of an individual resource be recorded in alphabetical order? A11: No. Record them as they appear on the title or verso page of the resource. Do not change the order. Q12: Should I include honorifics (Dr, Prof) or professional affiliations (AMA, FRACS)? A12: No. Q13: Can I use the expression ‘Anon’ (anonymous author)? A13: Avoid this unless it is required by your lecturer or faculty. If no author is given, use the title of the resource to begin the reference rather than Anon. Q14: Should I use Pty Ltd and Inc after publishing companies or corporations? A14: No.My questions and answers ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................20Harvard in-text and reference list modelsThe following is a set of guidelines for modelling referencing techniques for paraphrasing and direct quotations in the body paragraphs of your assignments (in-text referencing), and in the reference list at the end of your assignment. Remember If no example can be located for the resource you intend to use, be guided by the principles of author- always include details that you consider would be necessary to locate that resource and place them in the order in which they appear in the Harvard system: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? author and date title publisher city where published.If it is an electronic resource, include: author and date title date viewed URL address or name of database.21Harvard (author-date) referencing guideQuick guide to referencing modelsHard copy books One author Two authors Three authors Four or more authors Multiple works―same author Multiple works―same author, same year Works by different authors―same family name Works by different authors―same family name, same year No author No author―sponsoring body Several sources cited at once Second or later edition No author and second or later edition Edited work―role of the editor is significant Chapter in an edited work One volume of a multi-volume work One issue in a series No date can be established Approximate date can be established Referring to a primary source within a secondary source Referring to two primary sources within a secondary source Electronic books Hard copy journal articles One or more authors No author No volume number/issue number From a university readings book Magazine Online or electronic journals Journal article from a database Journal article from a website Hard copy―newspaper articles Newspaper article with an author Newspaper article without an author Electronic copy―newspaper articles Newspaper article with an author (website) Newspaper article with an author (electronic database) Newspaper article with no author (website) Newspaper article with no author (electronic database) Other documents on the World Wide Web Document on the WWW Document on the WWW―no date Document on the WWW―no author/sponsor Conference proceedings from a website Radio transcript from a website Government sponsored websites Page on a government website Australian Bureau of Statistics online 24 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 3622Government media releases Government report Fact sheet Hard copy government or legal documents Legislation Government publication Government report Legislation, regulations and legal cases Standards Patents Hard copy university-provided study materials Study Guide (author known) Study Guide (author unknown) Text reprinted in a university resource readings Tutorial/workshop handout (unpublished) Lecture notes (unpublished) Lecture material―non-print (e.g. whiteboard notes) Electronic copy university-provided study materials Study Guide CD-ROM Course Resources Online CQU e-Courses (Blackboard) ―article CQU e-Courses (Blackboard) ―course notes iBrainz presentation Podcast Specialised sources Conference paper―unpublished Brochure Pamphlet DVD Movie Television broadcast Television transcript Television advertisement YouTube Microfiche―without a reference number Microfiche―with a reference number Interview on radio Personal communication Blog Email message, conversation via bulletin board or electronic discussion group Handbook e.g. drug handbook News broadcast on radio Thesis―unpublished Audio cassette Atlas (with an editor) Atlas (without an editor) Encyclopedia―with author/editor Encylopedia―without author/editor Dictionary The Bible36 36 36 37 37 37 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 47 4723Harvard (author-date) referencing guideHard copy booksExamples of how to refer to the resource in-text Model to follow in the reference listOne authorA recent study (Unterhalter 2007) found that gender … or Unterhalter (2007, p. 10) claims that ‘…’.Unterhalter, E 2007, Gender, schooling and global social justice, Routledge Falmer, London. Note: When an author has two or more initials, the entry would look like this: Hinchy, RD 2007, The Australian legal system: history, institutions and method, Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest.Two authorsCurrent research (Stevens & Bean 2007) highlights … or Stevens and Bean (2007, p. 27) suggest that ‘…’. Note: Only use an ampersand (&) when the authors’ names are g use ‘and’ when the authors’ names are incorporated in the text.Stevens, LP & Bean, TW 2007, Critical literacy: context, research, and practice in the K-12 classroom, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.Three authorsA recent study highlighted the fact that … (Andrews, Ghosh & Muhamed 2007). or Andrews, Ghosh and Muhamed (2007, p. 33) stated that ‘…’. Note: Only use an ampersand (&) when the authors’ names are g use ‘and’ when the authors’ names are incorporated in the text.Andrews, JG, Ghosh, A & Muhamed, R 2007, Fundamentals of WiMAX: understanding broadband wireless networking, Prentice Hall, London.24Examples of how to refer to the resource in-textModel to follow in the reference listFour or more authorsA comprehensive study of organisational behaviour conducted … (Robbins et al. 2001). or Robbins et al. (2001, p. 34) suggested in their comprehensive study that ‘…’. Note: If there is another reference starting with Robbins and three or more other authors, the names of all the authors should be given in both cases to avoid confusion.Robbins, SP, Millett, B, Cacioppe, R & WatersMarsh, T 2001, Organisational behaviour, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall Aust, Frenchs Forest.Note: Use et al. in all in-text entries. Include all of the authors in the reference list.Multiple works C same author, published in different yearsRecent research (Simpson ) has indicated that … or Simpson (2000) found that… In a later study, Simpson (2003) argued that… Note: When using two studies by the same author in the same parentheses, place in chronological order― oldest first.Simpson, O 2000, Supporting students in open and distance learning, Kogan Page, London. Simpson, O 2003, Student retention in online, open, and distance learning, Kogan Page, London.Multiple works C same author, same yearRecent literature (Smith 2005a, 2005b) suggests that … or Ideas by Smith (2005b) were implemented … Note: When using multiple works by the same author published in the same year, add a lower-case letter (a, b, c, etc.) to the date to differentiate between them.Smith, C 2005a, How to do everything with Photoshop CS2, McGraw-Hill, New York. Smith, C 2005b, Photoshop and Dreamweaver integration: creating high-impact web pages, McGraw-Hill, New York. Note: In the reference list, alphabetise works by title.25Harvard (author-date) referencing guideExamples of how to refer to the resource in-textModel to follow in the reference listWorks by different authors―same family nameA recent report (Brown 2004) shows that … or It was recently found that ‘…’ (Brown 2000, pp. 47C48).Brown, B 2004, Memo for a saner world, Penguin, Camberwell. Brown, ER 2000, Cooloola Coast: Noosa to Fraser Island: the Aboriginal and settlers histories of a unique environment, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia. Smith, B 2007, Superannuation handbook , John Wiley & Sons, Australia. Smith, RF 2007, Business process management and the balanced scorecard, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken.Note: The year of publication will differentiate between the two authors. Works by different authors―same family name, same year B Smith (2007) pointed out the importance of superannuation in the management of business funds. Managers of these funds must be careful to avoid any … (Smith, R 2007).Note: Include the authors’ initials in the in-text reference to distinguish between them. As a general rule, it is advisable to paraphrase in this instance. No author The development of civil rights in modern Germany was a slow process (Questions on German history 1998). or According to Questions on German history (1998), the development … Note: If no author is given, cite the work by title. If the title is long, use a shortened version in the in-text reference. No author but a sponsoring body (institution, corporation or other organisation) Recent theories (Centre for Educational Research and Innovation 2006) expose the link … or It has been suggested that ‘…’ (Centre for Educational Research and Innovation 2006, p. 23).Questions on German history: paths to parliamentary democracy 1998, German Bundestag, Berlin.Centre for Educational Research and Innovation 2006, Think scenarios, rethink education, OECD, Paris.26Examples of how to refer to the resource in-textModel to follow in the reference listSeveral sources are cited at once Note: Do not overdo this!Carter (2006), Russell (2006), and Smith (2007) all agree … or Recent studies (Carter 2006; Russell 2006; Smith 2007) agree that …Carter, DJ 2006, Dispossession, dreams & diversity: issues in Australian studies, Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest. Russell, PH 2006, Recognising Aboriginal title: the Mabo case and indigenous resistance to English-settler colonialism, UNSW Press, Sydney. Smith, S 2007, Along Toonooba: the Aboriginal people of Rockhampton and district, Rockhampton Art Gallery, Rockhampton. Note: Each author will appear as a separate entry in the reference list.Note: Paraphrasing is essential if you are going to cite the essence of what the authors all agree upon. Alphabetise according to the name of the first author in each source. Separate entries by using semicolons.Second or later editionInfection control has been identified as … (Wilson 2001). or A recent theory (Wilson 2001, p. 5) on infection control states that ‘…’. Designing a house is … (Practical design 1992). or When designing a house, it is important that ‘…’ (Practical design 1992, p. 90).Wilson, J 2001, Infection control in clinical practice, 2nd edn, Bailliere Tindall, Edinburgh.No author and 2nd or later editionPractical design 1992, 2nd edn, South Australian Design Press, Adelaide.27Harvard (author-date) referencing guideExamples of how to refer to the resource in-textModel to follow in the reference listEdited work―role of editor is significantA contemporary study edited by Kaup (2007) suggests … or Current essays (ed. Kaup 2007) suggest …Kaup, KP (ed.) 2007, Understanding contemporary Asia Pacific, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder.Chapter in edited workThe importance of the ‘place of birth ...’ (Foureur