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关注微信公众号水分与玉米秸秆还田对小麦根系生长 和水分利用效率的影响
张素瑜, 王和洲, 杨明达, 王静丽, 贺德先. .水分与玉米秸秆还田对小麦根系生长 和水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, ):
ZHANG Su-yu, WANG He-zhou, YANG Ming-da, WANG Jing-li, HE De-xian. .Influence of Returning Corn Stalks to Field Under Different Soil Moisture Contents on Root Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) [J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica,): &&
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水分与玉米秸秆还田对小麦根系生长 和水分利用效率的影响
1河南农业大学农学院/河南粮食作物协同创新中心/小麦玉米作物学国家重点实验室,郑州 450002
2中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所, 河南新乡 453003
通信作者：贺德先,Tel：6;E-mail：
联系方式：张素瑜,E-mail：
基金: 国家“十二五”科技支撑计划（2013BAD07B07-4）、河南省重点实验室项目（）
目的 通过两年的防雨棚微区控水试验,探索秸秆还田和水分调控对小麦根系生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响,为提高秸秆还田效果及推广应用秸秆还田技术提供参考。方法 试验设玉米秸秆粉碎翻压还田（RS）和秸秆不还田（CK）处理;3种土壤水分处理,分别为田间持水量的50%—55%（干旱处理,D）、60%—65%（轻旱处理,SD）和70%—75%（适宜水分处理,N）。测量土壤水分含量、根干重、根干重密度、根系活力、籽粒产量和水分利用效率等指标。结果 干旱条件下小麦成熟期的次生根数显著降低,与轻旱和适宜水分处理相比,不同生育时期小麦根系活力均显著降低,0—25 cm土层中的根干重密度在不同的生育时期也基本表现为降低趋势,产量下降幅度分别为4.34%&#x%和14.30%&#x%,但土壤贮水消耗量分别显著增加7.92%&#x%和31.34%&#x%,水分利用效率分别显著增加12.69%&#x%和11.83%&#x%。干旱条件下,与CK处理相比,RS处理在返青期和成熟期的单株次生根数分别提高了17.17%&#x%和5.60%&#x%,不同生育时期0—25 cm土层中根干重密度降低,花后根系活力及25—50 cm土层中根干重密度的下降幅度增大,产量和水分利用效率分别显著降低了15.02%&#x%和7.51%&#x%。轻旱和适宜水分条件下,与CK处理相比,RS处理提高了不同生育时期的单株次生根数,减缓了小麦花后的根系活力及25—50 cm土层中的根干重密度下降幅度,并且增加土壤贮水消耗量,降低灌溉量及总耗水量,除2013&#x年小麦生长季适宜水分条件下不同还田方式间产量和水分利用效率差异未达显著水平外,秸秆还田处理的产量和水分利用效率分别显著提高了6.09%&#x%和6.77%&#x%。另外,秸秆还田方式与水分调控的交互作用显著影响小麦产量和水分利用效率。结论 在较好的土壤水分条件下（轻旱和适宜水分）,秸秆还田对小麦根系生长具有正效应,有利于延缓根系衰老,增加土壤贮水消耗量、产量及水分利用效率,减少灌溉量;而在土壤水分条件较差时进行秸秆还田,小麦产量和水分利用效率显著降低。
玉米秸秆还田;
水分利用效率
doi: 10.3864/j.issn.16.13.004
Influence of Returning Corn Stalks to Field Under Different Soil Moisture Contents on Root Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)
ZHANG Su-yu1,
WANG He-zhou2,
YANG Ming-da1,
WANG Jing-li1,
HE De-xian1
1College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crop/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002
2Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453003, Henan
【Objective】To evaluate the influence of soil moisture and corn stalks returning practice on wheat root growth, grain yield and water use efficiency, a 2-year micro-plot experiment was conducted under rain-proof shelter condition, aiming at provide reference for improving effect and application of stalks returning to field. 【Method】Prior to wheat sowing,corn stalks were cut and incorporated into soil by plowing (stalks returning, RS), with non-stalks returning as control (CK). Both RS and CK were subjected to 50%-55% (Drought, D), 60%-65% (Slight Drought, SD) and 70%-75% (Normal, N) of field moisture capacity, respectively.【Result】The results showed that nodal roots per plant at maturity, root activity, root dry weight density within 0-25 cm soil layer of winter wheat in D treatments at different growing stages were dramatically decreased compared with those in either SD or N treatments, grain yield was decreased by 4.34%-38.30% and 14.30%-36.63%, respectively, though consumption of soil water storage and water use efficiency in D treatments increased by 7.92%-25.56% and 31.34%-90.72%, 12.69%-30.09% and 11.83%-32.88%, respectively. In D treatment, nodal roots per plant were 17.17%-29.41% and 5.60%-27.86% higher than those in CK at re-growing and maturity stages, but root dry weight density within 0-25 cm soil layer at different growing stages was lower in RS treatments than that in CK. The decrement in both root vigor and root dry weight density within 25-50 cm soil layer after flowering was significantly higher than those in CK, grain yield and water use efficiency in RS were significantly decreased by 15.02%-19.52% and 7.51%-14.56% compared with that in CK. In SD and N treatment, nodal roots per plant were higher at different growing stages and the decrement in both root vigor and root dry weight density within 25-50 cm soil layer were lower in RS treatments, while irrigation amount and total water consumption were all decreased. Consumption of soil water storage was significantly increased, except for the N treatment in , grain yield and water use efficiency were dramatically increased by 6.09%-9.18% and 6.77%-11.13% compared with those in CK treatments. In addition, the present study also showed a significant interaction both of grain yield and water use efficiency between corn stalks returning and soil moisture conditions.【Conclusion】Corn stalks returning practice reduced irrigation amount, improved grain yield and water use efficiency by conserving soil water storage and improving root physiological function during the whole growing period under normal soil water and even slight drought conditions, but decreased grain yield and water use efficiency under drought condition.
wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.);
returning corn stalks to field;
soil moisture content;
root growth;
root vigor;
water use efficiency (WUE)
0 引言【研究意义】中国是农作物秸秆资源大国。黄淮平原作为中国重要的粮食产区, 秸秆资源丰富, 2012年黄淮海主要粮食产区（3省2市）农作物秸秆理论资源量约为2.4× 108 t, 秸秆利用率为76%, 其中, 肥料化利用（直接还田）所占比重最大, 占秸秆利用总量的49%[]。秸秆还田作为当前黄淮平原作物生产中的主要耕作技术, 可以预测今后仍有增加的空间。此外, 焚烧秸秆严重污染环境, 加剧温室效应, 严重威胁生态平衡, 秸秆还田藏碳于土是减少温室气体排放的重要途径[]; 同时, 作物高产势必消耗更多的土壤养分, 而秸秆还田则可作为一项重要的培肥改土措施。【前人研究进展】秸秆还田一方面能增加土壤有机质, 改善土壤物理、化学特性, 提高土壤生物活性, 起到培肥改土的作用[, ]; 另一方面还可以降低土壤蒸发, 提高土壤供水和保墒能力, 有利于作物产量和水分利用效率提高[, , ]。目前, 秸秆还田方式以覆盖还田和粉碎翻压还田为主。研究表明, 与秸秆覆盖还田相比, 粉碎翻压还田的秸秆在土壤中的腐解速度更快, 在提高土壤有机质含量, 改善土壤团聚体稳定性等方面的作用更为显著[]。但也有研究表明, 秸秆腐解前期微生物与作物争夺氮源, 引起作物缺氮[]; 秸秆腐解过程中产生有机酸等化感物质, 对作物根系及幼苗生长造成不利影响[]等。以上秸秆还田的正负效应均与秸秆腐解密切相关, 水分是秸秆腐解的主要影响因素。牛芬菊等[]研究指出, 玉米秸秆还田后, 玉米生育前期表现出秸秆与作物争夺水分, 后期则增强土壤保水性。左玉萍等[]研究认为, 土壤绝对含水量在15%— 20%时, 旱地土壤中秸秆分解速率最快, 低于15%时秸秆几乎不分解。南雄雄等[]通过室内模拟试验发现, 秸秆还田后, 在32 d的培养期内, 土壤相对含水量为60%的土壤CO2释放速率始终低于土壤含水量为80%的处理。因此, 土壤水分对秸秆还田效果起着至关重要的作用。【本研究切入点】以往的研究多集中在秸秆还田的方式方法及不考虑土壤水分条件下探讨秸秆还田的效应[, , , , ], 而将不同土壤水分与秸秆粉碎翻压还田相结合的研究则不多见。另外, 关于秸秆还田对下茬作物根系生长发育和功能的影响也尚未见系统报道。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究旨在探讨不同土壤水分条件下玉米秸秆粉碎翻压还田对小麦根系生长、功能、产量及水分利用效率的影响, 以期为提高秸秆还田效果提供依据。1 材料与方法1.1 试验区概况试验于2013年9月至2015年6月在河南商丘农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站（115° 33′ E, 34° 34′ N）移动式防雨棚下进行。棚下单个测坑面积为2 m× 3.3 m, 深2 m。测坑四周用铁皮焊接以防侧渗, 坑中土壤为潮土, 容重为1.34 g· cm-3, 田间持水量（field moisture capacity, FMC）为30%, 有机质含量为10.5 g· kg-1, 全氮含量为0.95 g· kg-1, 速效氮和有效磷含量分别为53.8和27.5 mg· kg-1。1.2 供试材料供试材料为黄淮麦区大面积推广应用的小麦品种百农AK58（国审麦2005008）。1.3 试验设计与田间管理试验采用裂区设计, 主处理为玉米秸秆还田措施, 设2个水平：秸秆粉碎翻压还田（RS）和秸秆不还田（CK）。连续2年的秸秆还田处理均在同一试验区进行, 还田量约为9 000 kg· hm-2, 其中全氮含量为0.65%; 副处理为土壤相对含水量, 设3个水平：分别为田间持水量的50%— 55%（D, 干旱）、60%— 65%（SD, 轻旱）和70%— 75%（N, 适宜土壤含水量）。共6个处理组合, 每个处理重复4次, 共计24个试验小区。秸秆还田处理：将玉米秸秆用机器粉碎（长度约5 cm）, 人工翻埋入土, 深度为20 cm。土壤水分控制：根据时域反射仪（time domain reflectometry, TDR （TRIME-PICOIPH, Germany））定期测定的土壤水分含量, 确定灌水量。灌水量（mm）计算公式为：Q=0.1× ∑ hidi(wi-w0)式中, hi为第i层土壤厚度（cm）, di为第i层土壤容重（g· cm-3）, wi和w0分别为第i层土壤设定的目标含水量和灌溉前的实际土壤含水量（%）。当土壤水分含水量低于灌水下限时进行灌溉, 灌至灌水上限。在保证苗齐的条件下全生育期控水。其中, 2013�年从分蘖期开始灌水; 2014�年播种时底墒充足, 返青期以后开始灌水。灌水计划湿润层深度：返青期以前为0.4 m, 返青至拔节期为0.6 m, 拔节至抽穗期为0.8 m, 抽穗后为1.0 m。用水表控制灌水总量。返青前, 通过直径为3 cm的塑料软管进行漫灌, 边灌水边拖动软水管, 尽量保证灌水均匀; 拔节以后, 为防止拖动软管造成茎蘖折断, 将软管出水口对接一根长2 m的PVC管, 将PVC管伸进小区, 放在小麦行间, 通过调节PVC管的位置, 保证灌溉均匀。试验分别于日和日播种, 采用人工开沟条播, 行距23 cm, 9行区, 测坑平行行区的两侧各留8 cm, 以防止生育后期铁皮温度过高灼伤植株。播种量150 kg· hm-2, 于三叶一心时定苗, 基本苗数约2.9× 106株/hm2。施240 kg N· hm-2、100 kg P2O5· hm-2和100 kg K2O· hm-2, 其中总氮量的50%和全部磷肥、钾肥作基肥, 于播前整地时施入, 总氮量的另50%于拔节期随浇水施入。其他田间管理同一般高产田。分别于日和日收获。1.4 测定项目和方法1.4.1 土壤水分含量 通过时域反射仪TDR测定土壤含水量。小麦生育前期每隔15 d测定一次, 生育后期每隔7— 10 d测定一次, 并以此为依据计算灌水量。灌水后待土壤水分平衡时再次测定土壤含水量。1.4.2 根干重与根干重密度 依次于拔节期（日和日）、开花期（日和日）和灌浆期（日和日）, 每处理选取代表性样点, 用直径为6.5 cm的根钻按照BOLINDER等[]方法取样, 每处理取3钻, 分别在行上、行间距1/2处及与行相切处, 3钻合一, 为1个土壤— 根系样品。每一个样点分两层取样：0— 25 cm和25— 50 cm。将每个样点不同土层的2个土壤— 根系样品, 分别装入100目的尼龙网袋浸泡1 h, 然后用水缓慢冲洗, 并用镊子仔细挑除杂质, 最后将收集起来的根系置于80℃烘箱中烘至恒重, 称重（g）并计算根干重密度（root weight density, RWD）。RWD =M/V式中, RWD为根重密度（g· m-3）, M为根干重（g）, V为土壤体积（m3）。1.4.3 根系活力 分别于拔节期、开花期和灌浆中期, 采用TTC比色法测定0— 25 cm土层的根系活力。1.4.4 籽粒产量及考种 成熟期每副区选取1 m2有代表性的样点, 收割、脱粒、计产, 并换算为每公顷产量。每副区另随机选取30株进行考种, 并统计单株次生根数等。1.4.5 水分利用效率 水分利用效率（water use efficiency, WUE, kg· hm-2· mm-1）=籽粒产量（kg· hm-2）/总耗水量（mm）总耗水量（total water consumption, TWC）=P+I+Δ S。其中：P为小麦生育期内有效降水量（mm）, I为灌水量（mm）, Δ S为土壤贮水消耗量（mm）。测坑上方设有移动式防雨棚, 因此, P为0。Δ S（mm）= 播前土壤贮水量（mm）-收获后土壤贮水量（mm）1.5 数据统计分析运用Office 2010和Surfer 10.0软件对数据进行分析与作图, 用SAS V8.0软件进行统计分析。2 结果2.1 小麦全生育期不同处理的土壤水分含量时空变化动态2013�年小麦出苗— 灌浆期间土壤相对含水量的控制结果分别为48.7%�% FMC（D）、58.1%�% FMC（SD）和 67.5%�% FMC（N）, 重复间相对误差分别为0.78%�%（D）、0.47%�%（SD）和0.36%�%（N）。2014�年土壤相对含水量分别为47.7%�% FMC（D）、54.2%�% FMC（SD）和67.9%�% FMC（N）, 重复间相对误差分别为0.59%�%（D）、0.07%�%（SD）、0.08%�%（N）。结果表明, 不同梯度土壤水分处理控制结果符合原初的试验设计要求。进一步的分析指出, 尽管控水水平一致, 但相同土壤水分条件下, RS处理与CK处理的土壤水分变化趋势不尽相同（）。对于干旱处理, 播种后0� d, RS处理的土壤水分含量表现为明显的减小趋势, 且较CK低; 对于轻旱和适宜水分处理, 播种后0— 40 d, RS处理0— 40 cm土层中的土壤水分有减小趋势, 可能是由于秸秆腐解消耗了土壤水分; 但在播种后0� d, 40 cm以下土层的土壤水分含量变化较CK平稳, 且2013�年（-a）RS处理的土壤水分含量明显高于CK, 而CK处理土壤上层及下层的含水量则低于中部土层, 土壤水分含量波动较大, 说明秸秆还田有利于蓄水保墒, 减少土壤蒸散量。在播种后200 d, 不同处理不同土层中的水分含量急剧降低, 这可能与彼时气温较高, 作物耗水量大, 农田总耗水量大有关。图1Fig. 1 图1 小麦全生育期不同处理的土壤相对含水量时空变化动态Fig. 1 Spatiotemporal dynamics of soil relative moisture content during the growing period of wheat2.2 不同土壤水分条件下秸秆还田对小麦根系生长与生理功能的影响2.2.1 对不同生育时期单株次生根数的影响 由可知, 秸秆还田对小麦不同生育时期单株次生根数的影响均达极显著水平, 不同土壤水分含量仅对成熟期单株次生根数的影响达极显著水平, 两者的交互作用对成熟期单株次生根数的影响也达显著水平。相同还田方式下, 随着土壤水分含量的增加, 不同生育时期单株次生根数基本表现为增加趋势, 即：D< SD< N。相同土壤水分条件下, 返青期, 不同水分条件下（D、SD和N）, RS处理的单株次生根数较CK分别高出17.17%�%、11.34%�%和24.14%�%; 拔节期, 对于干旱处理, RS处理较CK单株次生根数降低6.18%�%; 对于轻旱和适宜水分处理, RS处理的单株次生根数较CK则分别高出-5.90%�%和3.59%�%; 成熟期, 不同水分条件下RS处理的单株次生根数较CK分别高出5.60%�%、7.58%�%和27.46%�%。说明秸秆还田有利于小麦单株次生根系发生, 在轻旱和适宜水分条件下表现更为明显。表1Table 1表1(Table 1)
表1 不同处理对不同生育时期小麦单株次生根数的影响
Table 1 Influence of returning corn stalks to field under different soil moisture contents on nodal roots per plant of wheat at different growing stages处理Treatments2013—�返青期Re-growing拔节期Jointing成熟期Maturity返青期Re-growing拔节期Jointing成熟期MaturityRSD11.33ab29.67b24.78c13.86ab39.00b36.41bcSD13.01a37.33a40.02a12.57bc40.00b41.58bN13.67a39.00a42.47a15.43ab49.86a48.60a均值Mean12.6735.3335.7613.9542.9542.20CKD9.67bc31.67b19.38d10.71c35.67b34.48cSD10.67ab39.67a29.67b11.29bc36.57b38.65bcN10.98ab37.65a30.90b12.43bc36.14b38.13bc均值Mean10.4436.3326.6511.4837.2437.09F值F-Value还田方式PRS0.080.91147.73* * 10.21* * 11.26* * 21.33* * 水分调控SMC3.190.08150.25* * 2.531.9517.89* * 交互作用IA4.89* 6.41* * 6.33* 0.593.3415.09* * PRS: Patterns of c SMC: S IA: Interaction. Data with different small letters within the same column mean the difference among the data is significant (P< 0.05), with * meaningP< 0.05 and * * meaningP< 0.01. The same as belowPRS：还田方式; SMC：水分调控; IA：交互作用。同列数据后标有不同小写字母表示处理间的差异达显著水平（P< 0.05）, * 表示P< 0.05, * * 表示P< 0.01。下同
表1 不同处理对不同生育时期小麦单株次生根数的影响
Table 1 Influence of returning corn stalks to field under different soil moisture contents on nodal roots per plant of wheat at different growing stages2.2.2 对不同土层中根干重密度的影响 不同土层中小麦的根干重密度均在花期达最大值, 随着生育时期的推进, 根干重密度降低（）。在0— 25 cm土层, 相同还田方式下, 不同生育时期根干重密度的变化趋势基本表现为随土壤水分含量的增加而增加, 即：D< SD N> D, 且干旱处理的根干重密度在灌浆期显著低于轻旱和适宜水分处理。可见, 轻度干旱提高了小麦生育后期25— 50 cm土层中的根干重密度。相同土壤水分条件下, 对于干旱处理, 开花— 灌浆期RS处理的根干重密度均低于CK, 在灌浆期则达显著水平。RS条件下, 不同水分处理25— 50 cm土层根干重密度的下降幅度分别为45.92%�%, 31.33%�%和27.54%�%; CK条件下, 不同水分处理下25— 50 cm土层根干重密度的下降幅度分别为44.97%�%, 38.25%�%和31.42%�%。干旱条件下, RS处理根干重密度的下降幅度显著高于CK; 而轻旱和适宜水分条件下, 则显著低于CK。图2Fig. 2 图2 不同处理对小麦不同生育时期不同土层中根干重密度的影响Fig. 2 Influence of returning corn stalks to field under different soil moisture contents on root dry weight density of wheat within different soil layers at different growing stages2.2.3 对不同土层中根系活力的影响 小麦根系活力从拔节期到灌浆期逐渐降低, 不同处理间根系活力的变化趋势是：相同还田方式下, 干旱处理的根系活力显著低于轻旱和适宜水分处理（）。相同土壤水分条件下, 拔节期RS处理的根系活力分别较CK高出26.23%�%、8.63%�%和10.38%�%; 花期— 灌浆期, 干旱条件下, RS处理的根系活力显著低于CK; 轻旱和适宜水分条件下, RS处理与CK间根系活力的差异未达显著水平。从开花至灌浆期间, 不同水分条件下RS处理根系活力的下降幅度分别为44.91%�%、28.92%�%和27.66%�%; CK处理根系活力的下降幅度分别为37.52%�%、33.16%�%和33.06%�%。其中, 水分调控对根系活力下降幅度的影响达极显著水平。分析认为, 干旱胁迫下, 小麦生育后期的根系活力急剧降低, 因而改善小麦生育后期的土壤水分状况可提高根系活力, 有利于延缓根系衰老。图3Fig. 3 图3 不同处理对小麦不同生育时期根系活力的影响Fig. 3 Influence of returning corn stalks to field under different soil moisture contents on wheat root vigor at different growing stages2.3 不同土壤水分条件下秸秆还田对小麦籽粒产量及其构成因素的影响由可知, 相同还田方式下, 不同土壤水分含量对小麦穗数、穗粒数和产量的影响达显著水平; 相同土壤水分条件下, 秸秆还田增加小麦穗数, 降低千粒重。两者的交互作用对产量的影响达极显著水平。相同还田方式下, 小麦穗数和产量随土壤水分含量的增加而增加, 即：D< SD< N, 与轻旱和适宜水分处理相比, 干旱处理的减产幅度分别为4.34%�%和14.30%�%。相同土壤水分条件下, 干旱时RS处理的产量较CK显著降低15.02%�%; 对于轻旱处理, RS处理的产量较CK则显著增加6.09%�%; 在适宜水分条件下, 2014�年RS处理的产量较CK显著提高6.96%。另外, 从两年的平均产量来看, RS处理的产量较CK增加。表2Table 2表2(Table 2)
表2 不同处理对小麦籽粒产量及其构成因素的影响
Table 2 Influence of returning corn stalks to field under different soil moisture contents on wheat grain yield and its components处理Treatments2013—�穗数SN (× 104· hm-2)穗粒数GS千粒重GW (g)产量GY (kg· hm-2)穗数SN (× 104· hm-2)穗粒数GS千粒重GW (g)产量GY (kg· hm-2)RSD518.94cd38.50cd45.30b5264.94d530.11e36.19b47.47c5916.15eSD646.96a40.65bc43.82b8533.73a605.68bc39.30a47.79c7721.04bcN696.97a42.47ab42.04b8308.21ab662.88a39.56a49.13bc8688.12a均值 Mean620.9640.5443.727369.00599.5638.3547.467454.07CKD475.76d37.15d50.97a6542.21c553.27de31.64b49.95abc6961.81dSD567.43bc41.50b44.35b7816.42b587.50cd31.86b50.90ab7277.85dN637.12ab44.30a43.31b8597.39a636.93ab35.65b51.83a8123.07b均值 Mean560.1040.9846.227652.00592.5733.05.50.897466.34F值F-V还田方式PRS12.66* * 0.414.583.820.9883.28* * 48.74* * 0.01水分调控SMC33.77* * 21.63* * 7.90* 124.30* * 78.41* * 13.47* * 10.7* * 79.16* * 交互作用IA0.381.841.9015.80* * 4.66* 3.501.2116.43* * SN: S GS: G GW: 1000- GY: Grain yieldSN：穗数; GS：穗粒数; GW：千粒重; GY：产量
表2 不同处理对小麦籽粒产量及其构成因素的影响
Table 2 Influence of returning corn stalks to field under different soil moisture contents on wheat grain yield and its components2.4 不同土壤水分条件下秸秆还田对小麦耗水量及水分利用效率的影响由可知, 秸秆还田方式对土壤贮水消耗量的影响达显著水平, 水分调控对小麦生长季灌水量、土壤贮水消耗量、总耗水量及水分利用效率的影响均达极显著水平, 两者的交互作用对水分利用效率的影响也达显著水平。相同还田方式下, 不同土壤水分处理的灌水量和总耗水量随控水梯度的增加显著增加, 即：D< SD SD> N, 说明随着土壤干旱程度的加剧, 土壤贮水消耗量增加, 作物水分利用效率提高。干旱条件下, CK处理的灌水量、土壤贮水消耗量和总耗水量与RS处理间的差异未达显著水平, 但CK的水分利用效率显著提高8.13%�%。轻旱和适宜水分条件下, 与CK处理相比, RS处理的灌水量分别减小5.05%�%和5.04%�%, 土壤贮水消耗量分别显著增加8.30%�%和17.40%�%, 除2014�的适宜水分外, RS处理的水分利用效率提高6.77%�%和7.95%。说明干旱条件下, 秸秆还田显著降低水分利用效率; 而轻旱和适宜水分条件下, 秸秆还田降低灌水量, 显著提高水分利用效率。此外, 对比两年的数据可以看出, 2014�年各处理的土壤贮水消耗量明显高于2013�年, 这与2014�年小麦播种时底墒水充足有关。表3Table 3表3(Table 3)
表3 不同处理对小麦耗水量和水分利用效率的影响
Table 3 Influence of returning corn stalks to field under different soil moisture contents on water consumption of wheat and water use efficiency in wheat field处理Treatments2013—�灌水量TIA(mm)土壤贮水消耗量CSWS(mm)总耗水量 TWC(mm)水分利用效率 WUE(kg· hm-2· mm-1)灌水量TIA(mm)土壤贮水消耗量CSWS(mm)总耗水量 TWC(mm)水分利用效率 WUE (kg· hm-2· mm-1)RSD172.60c90.65a263.24c20.13bc127.44d141.70a269.15c22.03bSD318.45b77.67b396.11b21.57b263.75c131.30b395.05b19.55cN418.86a56.73d475.59a17.47e341.93b99.97d441.90a19.70c均值 Mean303.0375.01378.3219.72244.37124.32368.6920.43CKD192.09c85.92a278.01c23.56a143.23d148.93a292.15c23.82aSD335.37b68.43c403.80b19.41cd278.41c121.24c399.65b18.31dN441.11a45.05e486.15a17.73de363.29a85.15e433.44a18.25d均值 Mean322.8666.46389.3220.23261.64116.77378.4120.13F值F-Value还田方式PRS5.1721.07* * 1.421.1818.77* 5.95* 0.150.45水分调控SMC278.75* * 135.95* * 176.20* * 28.18* * 1010.75* * 109.57* * 228.82* * 36.28* * 交互作用IA0.031.200.0511.78* * 0.276.52* 1.115.68* TIA: Tot CSWS: Consumption o TWC: Tot WUE: Water use efficiencyTIA：灌水量; CSWS：土壤贮水消耗量; TWC：总耗水量; WUE：水分利用效率
表3 不同处理对小麦耗水量和水分利用效率的影响
Table 3 Influence of returning corn stalks to field under different soil moisture contents on water consumption of wheat and water use efficiency in wheat field3 讨论3.1 秸秆还田和土壤水分处理对土壤时空分布的影响秸秆腐解是非常复杂且漫长的化学过程, 它不仅需要合适的C/N[], 而且腐解过程中消耗土壤水分[]。当土壤水分状况较差时, 秸秆腐解会造成与植株争夺水分, 加剧土壤水分的胁迫程度。本研究中在干旱条件下, RS处理的土壤水分较CK差, 对于轻旱和适宜水分处理, RS处理中下层土壤水分变化平稳, 波动较小, 起到了贮水保墒的作用, 给根系的生长营造较好的生长环境, 同时保证返青— 拔节期良好的水分供应。吕美蓉等[]的研究也表明, 秸秆还田有利于提高土壤水分充足期（土壤相对湿度不低于80%）的土壤含水率（0� cm）, 但降低土壤水分亏缺（土壤相对湿度不高于60%）时的土壤含水率（0— 50 cm）。3.2 秸秆还田和土壤水分对小麦次生根系生长及根系活力的影响水分条件对小麦单株次生根数、根系分布与功能的影响显著[], 干旱条件下小麦单株次生根数、总根长、总吸收面积、活性吸收面积及根系活力均明显降低。适当控水可激发根系生理活性[], 小麦并能促进根系向中下层延伸和生长[]。本研究印证了上述观点。干旱条件下, 小麦单株次生根数和根系活力显著降低, 花后根系活力及根干重密度下降幅度较大, 根系衰老较快; 轻旱处理则有利于促进次生根的发生, 提高根系活力及25— 50 cm土层的根干重密度。前人研究指出, 拔节以后根系主要集中在0— 60 cm土层, 其中0— 30 cm土层的根系占80%以上[], 0— 40 cm土层是根干重的主要分布区域[]。土壤浅层根系极易受到干旱胁迫, 其衰退消亡的速率较快[], 而较深层根系由于受大气干热变化影响较小, 微环境较稳定, 衰亡速度较为缓慢[], 相对于浅层根系, 花后深层土壤中根系的数量和质量对小麦生长发育更为重要[]。邱新强[]等研究表明, 小麦根系的生长重心随着生育进程的推进逐渐向深层转移, 灌浆期, 仅20— 50 cm土层中的根长表现为正生长, 其他土层均表现为负生长。本研究中, 秸秆还田有利于次生根的发生, 在轻旱和适宜水分条件下表现更为明显; 并且在轻旱和适宜水分条件下, RS处理提高拔节期的根系活力, 延缓花后根系衰老及25— 50 cm土层中根干重密度的下降幅度, 有效利用深层水分及养分。而在干旱条件下, RS处理花后根系活力及0— 50 cm土层中根干重密度显著降低, 根系衰老加速。3.3 秸秆还田和土壤水分对小麦产量与水分利用效率的影响秸秆还田显著提高作物产量, 并且存在累积效应, 连续秸秆还田后增产效果更为明显[, ]。秸秆还田条件下小麦的增产原因, 大部分研究认为是提高了千粒重或穗粒数, 但穗数有所降低[, ]。也有不同的观点, 韩宾等[]的研究指出, 相同耕作方式下（耙耕和深松）, 与不还田处理相比, 玉米秸秆还田处理小麦穗数增加2.57%�%, 产量增加2.35%�%。黄婷苗等[]研究认为, 穗数变化是影响秸秆还田条件下小麦产量的直接原因, 当施氮量增加到某一阈值时, 秸秆还田表现为增产。这是因为氮素充足时, 不仅满足了微生物分解秸秆的需要, 也保障了小麦正常生长, 穗数增加。本试验中, 小麦整个生育期的施氮量较高（纯氮为240 kg· hm-2）, 轻旱和适宜水分条件下, RS处理小麦的穗数增加。另有研究指出, 秸秆覆盖后增产与否, 与降水多少即水分年型关系密切, 干旱年份往往增产显著, 而湿润年份不增产甚至减产[, ]。本研究结果显示, 秸秆还田的增产效应很大程度上取决于土壤水分状况, 在土壤水分较好的情况下（轻旱和适宜水分处理）, 秸秆还田处理的产量分别增加了7.69%和1.65%, 在干旱条件下则表现为秸秆还田显著降低产量。结合前人的研究可以看出, 秸秆还田效果不仅受土壤水分状况的制约, 而且与秸秆还田方式密切相关。吕美蓉等[]研究表明, 当土壤水分充足时, 秸秆还田有利于下茬提高作物产量, 本研究结果与之相似。在一定范围内, 干旱促进根系向深层生长, 增加土壤水分消耗, 有利于对深层土壤水的利用。秸秆还田提高水分利用效率的原因可能是增加了土壤矿质营养, 作物所需营养元素得到补充后从而促进植株地上部生长, 从而改善了对土壤水的有效利用[]。本研究中, 干旱处理显著提高土壤贮水消耗量及水分利用效率, 但产量显著降低; 轻旱和适宜水分条件下, RS处理则提高水分利用效率, 原因可能是秸秆还田改善了小麦生育期的土壤水分状况, 延缓深层根系（25— 50 cm土层）衰老, 提高土壤贮水消耗量, 降低总耗水量。该研究结果与高飞等[]、赵亚丽等[]的研究结果较为相似。3.4 土壤水分时空分布、小麦根系生长及产量形成、水分利用效率三者的关系作物根系与土壤水分既相互联系又相互制约, 一方面, 根系本身的生长发育及生理变化很大程度上受制于土壤水分状况[], 另一方面, 根系的生长又促进作物对深层土壤水分的吸收利用, 缩短水分到达根表的距离[]。秸秆还田影响土壤水分的时空分布, 进而影响根系的生长与分布。轻旱和适宜水分条件下, RS处理改善了小麦生育期间的土壤水分状况, 促进根系生长, 提高拔节期根系活力, 降低花后根系活力及根干重密度的下降幅度, 进而增强根系对水分及养分的吸收利用。研究表明, 小麦根量和根系活力对肥水吸收与是否早衰具有决定性影响[], 根重密度与作物产量密切相关[]。因此, 在轻旱和适宜水分条件下RS处理的增产原因, 一方面是因为秸秆还田改善了土壤水分状况, 起到蓄水保墒的作用, 利于植株生长; 另一方面则是因为秸秆还田促进根系生长并延缓了根系衰老。水分利用效率由作物产量和总耗水量决定。本研究中, RS处理在轻旱和适宜水分条件下提高小麦产量, 增强蓄水保墒作用, 增加土壤贮水消耗量, 降低总耗水量, 最终提高水分利用效率。而在干旱条件下, 秸秆腐解造成微生物与植株竞争水分, 导致土壤水分状况变劣, 影响根系及植株生长, 虽然总耗水量降低, 但产量降低幅度更大, 因此, 水分利用效率下降。4 结论秸秆还田效应受土壤水分状况的制约。轻旱和适宜土壤水分条件下, 秸秆粉碎翻压还田可以改善土壤水分状况, 增加土壤贮水量, 促进小麦次生根的发生, 有效延缓根系衰老, 最终表现为产量和水分利用效率的提高; 干旱条件下, 秸秆还田处理不同生育时期土壤水分状况较差, 小麦生育后期根系衰老加速, 产量及水分利用效率显著降低。因此, 玉米秸秆粉碎翻压还田时应保证较好的土壤水分条件, 而土壤水分较差时则不宜进行秸秆还田。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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... 108 t,秸秆利用率为76%,其中,肥料化利用（直接还田）所占比重最大,占秸秆利用总量的49%[1] ...
王虎, 王旭东, 田霄鸿.
秸秆还田对土壤有机碳不同活性组分储量及分配的影响. , 2014, 25(12): 3491-3498. WANG H, WANG X D, TIAN X H.
Effect of straw-returning on the storage and
distribution of different active fractions of soil organic carbon. , 2014, 25(12): 3491-3498. (in Chinese)
The impacts of straw mulching and returning on the storage of soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral associated organic carbon (MOC), and their proportions to the total organic carbon (TOC) were studied based on a field experiment. The results showed that compared to the treatment of wheat straw soil?returning (WR), the storage of TOC and MOC decreased by 4.1% and 9.7% respectively in 0-20 cm soil in the treatment with wheat straw mulching (WM), but the storage of DOC and POC increased by 207.7% and ?11.9%?, and TOC and POC increased significantly in 20-40 cm soil. Compared to the treatment with maize straw soil?returning (MR), the storage of TOC and MOC in the plough pan soil of the treatment with maize straw mulching (MM) increased by 13.6% and 14.6%, respectively. Compared to the WR-?MR treatment, the storage of TOC and MOC in top soil (0-20 cm) significantly decreased by 8.5% and 10.3% respectively in WM-MM treatment. The storage of TOC and POC in top soil was significantly higher in the treatments with maize straw soil?returning or mulching than that with wheat straw. Compared to the treatment without straw (CK), the storage of TOC in top soil increased by 5.2% to 18.0% in the treatments with straw returning or mulching in the six modes (WM, WR, MM, MR, WM-MM,WR-MR)( P P
( 1 College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, C ? ?2 Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, C ?? 3 Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri?environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China)
通过田间试验，研究了不同秸秆还田模式下土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合有机碳(MOC)储量及其在总有机碳(TOC)中的分配比例.结果表明: 相对于翻压还田(WR),小麦秸秆覆盖还田(WM)0～20 cm耕层TOC和MOC储量显著降低，降幅为4.1%和9.7%,DOC和POC储量显著提高，增幅为207.7%和11.9%;20～40 cm犁底层TOC和POC储量显著提高.玉米秸秆覆盖还田(MM)与MR相比,犁底层TOC和MOC储量显著提高,增幅为13.6%和14.6%.小麦-玉米秸秆均覆盖还田(WM-MM)相对于均翻压还田(WR-MR),耕层TOC和MOC储量显著降低,降幅为8.5%和10.3%.玉米秸秆还田耕层TOC和POC储量显著高于小麦秸秆还田.与对照(秸秆不还田)相比,6种还田模式耕层TOC储量增幅为5.2%～18.0%,差异达显著水平;除WM和MM模式外,犁底层TOC储量显著降低(降幅8.0%～11.5%).6种还田模式下土壤耕层DOC储量及DOC/TOC比值显著降低,在WM和WM-MM还田模式下耕层POC储量显著提高、POC/TOC比值增大,WR模式的耕层MOC储量显著提高、MOC/TOC比值增大,其余3种模式耕层POC和MOC储量均显著提高.秸秆覆盖还田有利于土壤有机碳活性组分积累,翻压还田有利于较稳定性有机碳组分积累.在提高关中地区农田TOC储量方面,玉米秸秆还田好于小麦秸秆还田、小麦-玉米秸秆翻压还田好于覆盖还田.
... 此外,焚烧秸秆严重污染环境,加剧温室效应,严重威胁生态平衡,秸秆还田藏碳于土是减少温室气体排放的重要途径[2] ...
张静, 温晓霞, 廖允成, 刘阳.
不同玉米秸秆还田量对土壤肥力及冬小麦产量的影响. , 2010, 16(3): 612-619. ZHANG J, WEN X X, LIAO Y C, LIU Y.
Effects of different amount of maize straw returning on soil fertility and
yield of winter wheat. , 2010, 16(3): 612-619. (in Chinese)
Effects of different returnning amount of maize straw on soil fertility and yield of winter wheat was studied using randomized block design. The results showed that straw returning can increase soil organic matter content and reduce soil total nitrogen loss, enhance the capacity of soil microbial fixing and supplying C and N,increase C/N, and change the distributionof soil microbial community. Higher soil microbial C/N and redistribution of original soil microbial community was propitious to the soil organic transformation and mineralize carbon decomposition, as consequence, improve the soil nutrient supply. Our results indicate that under condition of study area, applying N 138 kg/ha, combined with returnning amount of maize straw 9000 kg/ha can enhance soil fertility and increase yield by 7.47%,significantly.
1 Resource & Environment College, Northwest Sic-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China；2 Agricultural College, Northwest Sic-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
通过田间随机区组设计试验，研究了不同玉米秸秆还田量对接茬麦田土壤碳、氮肥力及冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明，秸秆还田可以增加土壤有机质和缓解土壤氮流失，提高土壤微生物碳、氮的固持和供给效果，增加土壤微生物量C/N，提高土壤供肥水平。从不同玉米秸秆还田量的效应对比与回归分析，进一步明确在黄土高原有灌溉条件的地区，施N 138 kg/hm 2 ，玉米秸秆还田量9000 kg/hm 2 ，能有效提高土壤肥力，可使接茬冬小麦显著增产7.47%。
... 【前人研究进展】秸秆还田一方面能增加土壤有机质,改善土壤物理、化学特性,提高土壤生物活性,起到培肥改土的作用[3,4] ...
... 【本研究切入点】以往的研究多集中在秸秆还田的方式方法及不考虑土壤水分条件下探讨秸秆还田的效应[3,4,5,6,7],而将不同土壤水分与秸秆粉碎翻压还田相结合的研究则不多见 ...
李玮, 乔玉强, 陈欢, 曹承富, 杜世州, 赵竹.
秸秆还田和施肥对砂姜黑土理化性质及小麦–玉米产量的影响. , 2014, 34(17): 5052-5061. LI W, QIAO Y Q, CHEN H, CAO C F, DU S Z, ZHAO Z.
Effects of combined straw and
N application on the physicochemical properties of lime concretion black soil and
crop yields. , 2014, 34(17): 5052-5061. (in Chinese)
The effects of a combination of returned straw and different N fertilizer application rates on the physical and chemical properties of lime concretion black soil and crop yields were systematically studied, based on data from a four year experiment using a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Mengcheng City, Anhui Province, China. The results showed that the bulk density of surface soil under areas where straw was either incorporated or removed were 1.14-1.20 g/cm 3 and 1.24-1.31 g/cm 3 , respectively. Straw incorporation decreased soil density by 2.5%-9.2%, while soil water content and water storage increased over the four years by 8.2%-28.5% and 4.1%-19.9%, respectively, after the return of the straw. The total soil porosity and capillary soil porosity in the areas of returned straw treatments ranged from 3.0%-57.1% and 33.9%-41.0%, respectively, whilst the same parameters ranged from 50.7%-54.6% and 27.3%-29.5%, respectively, under the areas where straw was removed. In contrast, non-capillary porosity decreased by 6.4%-38.8%, showing a significant difference between areas where straw was incorporated or removed. The nitrate nitrogen content of top soil under the returned straw treatment areas was significantly increased by 9.80%-86.71% greater than that of the areas where straw was removed, especially with N application rates of 540, 630, and 720 kg N hm -2 a -1 . Nitrogen accumulation in surface soil for N application rates of 360, 450, 540, 630 and 720 kg N hm -2 a -1 were 1.42, 1.53, 2.22, 2.51 and 2.12 times that of areas where no fertilizer was added, respectively, for the returned straw areas and 1.24, 1.38, 1.53, 1.59, 1.72 times the no added fertilizer accumulation for the area where straw was removed. For both straw incorporated areas or not, there were exponential relationships between the nitrate nitrogen content and N application amount, although the correlation coefficient was higher under the straw incorporation treatments than for those where straw was removed. Compared to nitrate, the ammonia nitrogen content showed no obvious differences between areas of straw incorporation and removal. Ammonia accumulation under different N application rates was affected by straw addition. Under straw return treatments, it increased exponentially with the increase of N application rates, and decreased exponentially under areas where straw was removed, but there was no significant correlation. The effects of straw incorporation and N application rates on maize and wheat yields were different. For maize, the yield gradually increased from 360 kg N hm -2 a -1 to 720 kg N hm -2 a -1 of N application levels under both straw added areas and straw removed areas. However, the wheat yield gradually increased from 360 kg N hm -2 a -1 to 450 kg N hm -2 a -1 and from 360 kg N hm -2 a -1 to 630 kg N hm -2 a -1 , and decreased when N exceeded 450 kg N hm -2 a -1 and 630 kg N hm -2 a -1 under areas of straw removal and straw incorporation. The high yields of maize and winter-wheat with straw incorporation treatments would be obtained under the N application rates of 696, 630 kg N hm -2 a -1 , respectively. N application rates of 579, 627 kg N hm -2 a -1 in straw removal areas would obtain high yields, but they were lower than that from areas of returned straw treatments. The force analysis showed that returning straw was the most important influencing factor of soil physical properties, and both straw incorporation and N application rates can compact crop yields, but the force of N level to yield is stronger than that for returning straw.
通过安徽省蒙城县砂姜黑土上连续4a的冬小麦-夏玉米连作长期定位试验，研究了秸秆还田配合施用不同量氮肥对土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响。结果表明，秸秆还田可降低土壤容重2.5%-9.2%，提高含水量8.2%-28.5%和表层土壤贮水量4.1%-19.9%；增加土壤总孔隙度1.1%-8.9%、毛管孔隙度18.9%-41.0%，非毛管孔隙度降低6.4%-38.8%，土壤毛管孔隙度占土壤总孔隙度的比例增加。秸秆还田所有处理耕层的土壤硝态氮含量高于秸秆移除处理，施氮540、630、720 kg N hm -2 a -1 时，秸秆还田处理的硝态氮含量显著高于秸秆移除，而铵态氮含量无明显变化规律。无论秸秆还田还是秸秆移除，耕层土壤的硝态氮含量随氮肥用量的增加呈指数趋势增加，硝态氮含量与施氮量的相关性秸秆移除处理高于秸秆还田处理；秸秆还田处理的铵态氮含量随施氮量增加成指数趋势增加，而秸秆移除处理呈指数趋势减小，相关性均不显著。秸秆还田条件下，小麦和玉米获得高产的年氮肥用量分别为630、696 kg N hm -2 a -1 ，秸秆移除为579、627 kg N hm -2 a -1 。经作用力分析，秸秆还田是影响土壤物理性质的最重要因素，作物产量受秸秆还田和施氮量的影响，但氮肥水平大于秸秆还田。
... 【前人研究进展】秸秆还田一方面能增加土壤有机质,改善土壤物理、化学特性,提高土壤生物活性,起到培肥改土的作用[3,4] ...
... 【本研究切入点】以往的研究多集中在秸秆还田的方式方法及不考虑土壤水分条件下探讨秸秆还田的效应[3,4,5,6,7],而将不同土壤水分与秸秆粉碎翻压还田相结合的研究则不多见 ...
金友前, 杜保见, 郜红建, 常江, 章力干.
玉米秸秆还田对砂姜黑土水分动态及冬小麦水分利用效率的影响. , 2013, 33(1): 89-95. JIN Y Q, DU B J, GAO H J, CHANG J, ZHANG L G.
Effects of maize straw returning on water dynamics and
water use efficiency of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil. , 2013, 33(1): 89-95. (in Chinese)
In order to provide the scientific proof of improving the water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil, the influences of maize straw returning on water dynamics and WUE were studied in the Wudaogou hydrology water resource experimental station in Bengbu, China. The in situ micro lysimeter experiments were conducted to investigate the impacts of non fertilization (CK), soil testing and formulated fertilization (PF) and soil testing and formulated fertilization & maize straw returning (PF + JG) treatments on the water dynamics and WUE of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil based on the soil plant atmosphere continuum (SPAC) principle .The results indicated that the influences of maize straw returning to soil on water content were mainly concentrated in 0~40 cm soil layer, and it was kept relatively stable in 40~80 cm soil layer in the soil profiles. The soil water content (0~40 cm) at seeding and jointing stage in the PF + JG treatment was 50.9% and 34.6% higher than that in PF treatment after the maize straw returning to soil, respectively. A single peak trend of the soil maximal available water capacity was found during the whole stage of winter wheat, and the highest peak was detected at reviving stage. Compared with the control and the PF treatments, straw returning to soil (PF+JG) treatment could significantly increase the soil maximal available water capacity by 8.25%, 20.82% and 8.07%, 10.95% at seeding and reviving stage (P <0.05), respectively. The amount of water infiltration in lysimeter after maize straw returning was 4.53 and 3.55 times higher than that in the control (CK) and soil testing and formulated fertilization (PF) treatments, respectively. The quantities of water consumption in the whole winter wheat stage were 9.2% lower in PF+JG than that in PF treatment. The wheat yield and water use efficiency were 124.1%, 18.8% and144.0%, 30.8% higher than that in CK and PF experiments in the maize straw returning to soil and soil testing and formulated fertilization treatment. The straw returning to soil could increase both winter wheat yield and water use efficiency in lime concretion black soil, and also increase soil available water capacity, water infiltration and decrease total water consumption.
为给冬小麦水分高效利用提供科学依据，根据土壤 植物 大气连续体（SPAC）原理，利用野外小型蒸渗仪，以不施肥为对照(CK)，原位研究了配方施肥(PF)以及配方施肥+秸秆还田(PF+JG)处理对砂姜黑土水分动态和冬小麦水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，秸秆还田主要影响0~40 cm土层土壤剖面水分含量，而40~80 cm土层土壤水分含量基本保持稳定。在小麦出苗期和拔节期，PF+JG处理的0~40 cm土层土壤含水量较PF处理分别提高50.9%和34.6%。土壤水分最大有效库容在小麦全生育期呈单峰变化趋势，峰值在返青期；PF+JG处理的出苗期土壤水分最大有效库容较CK和PF处理增加了8.25%和20.82%，拔节期增加8.07%和10.95%，且均差异显著( P P <0.05)。说明秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的提高作用与增加土壤水分有效库容、水分入渗量和减少总耗水量有关。
... 另一方面还可以降低土壤蒸发,提高土壤供水和保墒能力,有利于作物产量和水分利用效率提高[5,6,7] ...
... 【本研究切入点】以往的研究多集中在秸秆还田的方式方法及不考虑土壤水分条件下探讨秸秆还田的效应[3,4,5,6,7],而将不同土壤水分与秸秆粉碎翻压还田相结合的研究则不多见 ...
周怀平, 解文艳, 关春林, 杨振兴, 李红梅.
长期秸秆还田对旱地玉米产量、效益及水分利用的影响. , 2013, 19(2): 321-330. ZHOU H P, XIE W Y, GUAN C L, YANG Z X, LI H M.
Effects of long-term straw-returning on corn yield, economic benefit and
water use in arid farming areas. , 2013, 19(2): 321-330. (in Chinese)
Based on the results from a 19-year location experiment in rainfed experimental areas of northern China, the effects of various kinds of straw return to field on maize yield, economic benefit and water use efficiency were studied. There were 4 treatments, no straw returning (CK), straw mulching(SM), straw crushing(SC), and cattle manure(CM). The results show that compared to the CK, the experiment of returning stalks to field could increase the yield, net benefit and water use efficiency of spring maize significantly, decrease the accumulated water consumption and increase the soil water storage amount. The accumulated yields of the nineteen years are increased by 13.427-24.284 t/ha with increases of 11.57%-20.92%, and the net economic benefits are improved by
Yuan/ha. The total corn yield and net economic benefits of the cattle manure treatment are the highest. In different rainfall years, the corn yields and water use efficiencies are very different. In normal years, the corn yields are the highest, while in dry years, the water use efficiencies of spring maize are highest. The yield increasing effect from the straw mulching is significant. In rainy and wet years, water conservation should be paid more attentions.
1 Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030006, C& 2 Institute of Farming Product Processing, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Taiyuan 030031, China
在我国北方地区的旱作农田，从1992年秋季开始至2011年，进行了连续19年的不同秸秆还田方式的春玉米长期定位试验，研究秸秆不还田（CK）、 长期秸秆覆盖还田（SM）、 秸秆粉碎直接还田（SC）、 秸秆养畜粪肥还田（CM）对玉米籽粒产量、 经济效益和水分利用的影响。结果表明，&& 1）秸秆还田具有显著的增产增收效果，19年累计增产13.43~24.28 t/hm2，增产幅度11.57%~20.92%，纯效益增加了 Yuan/hm2； 2）秸秆还田可以减少玉米生育期耗水量、 增加土壤贮水总量、 明显提高水分利用效率，其中秸秆养畜粪肥还田的增产增收效果以及秸秆覆盖还田的保水效果最为明显。不同的降水年型，对玉米产量和水分利用也存在较大影响，正常降水年型玉米产量最高， 偏旱年型玉米水分利用效率最高。丰水年份和偏丰年份应当注意减少降水的无效耗散，秸秆覆盖还田在偏旱年份的增产效果尤为突 出。
... 另一方面还可以降低土壤蒸发,提高土壤供水和保墒能力,有利于作物产量和水分利用效率提高[5,6,7] ...
... 【本研究切入点】以往的研究多集中在秸秆还田的方式方法及不考虑土壤水分条件下探讨秸秆还田的效应[3,4,5,6,7],而将不同土壤水分与秸秆粉碎翻压还田相结合的研究则不多见 ...
... 3 秸秆还田和土壤水分对小麦产量与水分利用效率的影响秸秆还田显著提高作物产量,并且存在累积效应,连续秸秆还田后增产效果更为明显[6,24] ...
赵亚丽, 薛志伟, 郭海斌, 穆心愿, 李潮海.
耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响. , 2014, 47(17): 3359-3371. ZHAO Y L, XUE Z W, GUO H B, MU X Y, LI C H.
Effects of tillage and
straw returning on water consumption characteristics and
water use efficiency in the winter wheat and
summer maize rotation system. , 2014, 47(17): 3359-3371. (in Chinese)
【Objective】Huang-Huai-Hai area is one of the most important areas that produce food crops. Frequent drought and flood are the main limiting factors for crop production, and the soil compaction, low topsoil and low water holding capacity are also the main factors causing the low and unstable yields of winter wheat and summer maize. Tillage and straw returning are two effective ways to reduce soil compaction, enhance water holding capacity and water use efficiency. The objective of the experiment was to study the effects of tillage, straw returning and their interaction on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency in the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system.【Method】The experiment was conducted by a combination of different tillage ways and straw managements. Soil water consumption amount, soil water reduction amount, soil evaporation, grain yield and water use efficiency were analyzed by using six treatments which were conventional tillage with all straw returning, conventional tillage with no straw returning, deep tillage with all straw returning, deep tillage with no straw returning, subsoil tillage with all straw returning, subsoil tillage with no straw returning in the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system. The effects of tillage, straw returning and their interaction on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency were analyzed.【Result】The results showed that, there were significant effects of tillage and straw returning on soil bulk density, soil water consumption amount, soil water reduction amount, soil evaporation, grain yield and water use efficiency. Compared with conventional tillage, deep tillage and subsoil tillage mainly decreased soil bulk density at 20-40 cm soil depth, increased the water consumption and soil water reduction amount at 0-100 cm soil depth of winter wheat and summer maize, while decreased the water consumption during fallow periods. Moreover, deep tillage and subsoil tillage also decreased soil evaporation during the growth period of summer maize. Deep tillage increased, but subsoil tillage decreased the soil evaporation during the growth period of winter wheat. Straw returning also decreased the soil bulk density, increased soil water reduction amount, increased soil water consumption amount during the growth period of winter wheat, but decreased the soil water consumption amount during summer maize growth period and fallow period. Moreover, straw returning increased soil water consumption, increased soil evaporation during the growth period of winter wheat, but decreased soil evaporation during the growth period of summer maize. Compared with the conventional tillage, the total grain yield of deep tillage and subsoil tillage increased by 10.7% and 9.8%, the water use efficiency increased by 8.8% and 6.3%. The total grain yield and water use efficiency of straw returning were 6.3% and 7.6% higher than the no straw returning treatment, respectively. A significant interaction between tillage system and straw returning was observed in soil water cosumption characteres, grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat and summer maize. Compared with conventional tillage with no straw returning, the total soil water consumption amounts of deep tillage with straw returning and subsoil tillage with straw returning increased by 3.3% and 2.4%, the soil water consumption amounts during the growth period of winter wheat and summer maize increased by 4.2% and 3.3%, while the soil water consumption amounts during the fallow period decreased by 7.0% and 9.9%. Moreover, the grain yields of deep tillage with straw returning and subsoil tillage with straw returning increased by 18.0% and 19.3%, the water use efficiency increased by 15.9% and 15.1%. 【Conclusion】In the six treatments, deep tillage with straw returning and subsoil tillage with straw returning showed the highest total grain yield and water use efficiency, and there was no significant difference in grain yield and water use efficiency between deep tillage with straw returning and subsoil tillage with straw returning. Therefore, it was concluded that deep tillage or subsoil tillage with straw returning is the most appropriate tillage practice in Huang-Huai-Hai area.
College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou 450002
【目的】黄淮海地区是中国粮食主产区之一，但农业生产中旱涝频繁发生，同时还存在土壤紧实、耕层变浅和土壤蓄水保墒能力低等问题，严重影响了该区的粮食生产。耕作方式和秸秆还田作为农业生产中两项重要的技术措施，对改善土壤结构、提高土壤蓄水能力和水分利用效率有显著作用。本文旨在探索耕作方式、秸秆还田以及二者交互对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响，为优化黄淮海地区的土壤耕作方式提供依据。【方法】采用土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田相结合的方法，设置常规耕作＋秸秆还田、常规耕作＋无秸秆还田、深耕＋秸秆还田、深耕＋无秸秆还田、深松＋秸秆还田、深松＋无秸秆还田6个处理，研究耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟农田耗水量、耗水模系数、土壤贮水消耗量、株间蒸发量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响，分析不同耕作方式、秸秆还田以及二者交互对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】耕作方式、秸秆还田对土壤容重、农田耗水量、土壤贮水消耗量、株间蒸发量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率均存在显著或极显著影响。与常规耕作相比，深耕和深松主要降低了20&40 cm土层的土壤容重，增加了冬小麦、夏玉米和周年总农田耗水量，提高了0&100 cm土层的土壤贮水消耗量，同时降低了休闲期无效农田耗水量。此外，深耕和深松还降低了夏玉米的株间蒸发量，但深耕显著增加了冬小麦的株间蒸发量，深松则相反。秸秆还田也可以降低土壤容重，提高土壤贮水消耗量，增加冬小麦农田耗水量，降低夏玉米和休闲期农田耗水量，增加冬小麦的株间蒸发量，降低夏玉米的株间蒸发量。与常规耕作相比，深耕和深松处理的周年作物产量分别提高了10.7%和9.8%，周年水分利用效率分别提高了8.8%和6.3%。秸秆还田处理的周年作物产量和水分利用效率分别比秸秆不还田处理提高了6.3%和7.6%。耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米的耗水特性、籽粒产量和水分利用效率存在显著交互作用。与常规耕作＋无秸秆还田处理相比，深耕＋秸秆还田和深松＋秸秆还田处理的周年农田耗水量分别提高3.3%和2.4%，冬小麦-夏玉米的农田耗水量分别提高了4.2%和3.3%，休闲期的农田耗水量分别降低了7.0%和9.9%，周年作物产量分别提高了18.0%和19.3%，水分利用效率分别提高了15.9%和15.1%。【结论】在几种耕作模式中，深耕＋秸秆还田、深松＋秸秆还田的周年作物产量和水分利用效率最高，且二者无显著性差异，表明深耕或深松结合秸秆还田有利于作物产量和水分利用效率的提高。因此，在本试验条件下，在秸秆还田的基础上深松或深耕是黄淮海地区适宜的耕作方式。
... 另一方面还可以降低土壤蒸发,提高土壤供水和保墒能力,有利于作物产量和水分利用效率提高[5,6,7] ...
... 【本研究切入点】以往的研究多集中在秸秆还田的方式方法及不考虑土壤水分条件下探讨秸秆还田的效应[3,4,5,6,7],而将不同土壤水分与秸秆粉碎翻压还田相结合的研究则不多见 ...
... 该研究结果与高飞等[32]、赵亚丽等[7]的研究结果较为相似 ...
... 研究表明,与秸秆覆盖还田相比,粉碎翻压还田的秸秆在土壤中的腐解速度更快,在提高土壤有机质含量,改善土壤团聚体稳定性等方面的作用更为显著[8] ...
... 但也有研究表明,秸秆腐解前期微生物与作物争夺氮源,引起作物缺氮[9] ...
... 1 秸秆还田和土壤水分处理对土壤时空分布的影响秸秆腐解是非常复杂且漫长的化学过程,它不仅需要合适的C/N[9],而且腐解过程中消耗土壤水分[11] ...
... 秸秆腐解过程中产生有机酸等化感物质,对作物根系及幼苗生长造成不利影响[10]等 ...
... 牛芬菊等[11]研究指出,玉米秸秆还田后,玉米生育前期表现出秸秆与作物争夺水分,后期则增强土壤保水性 ...
... 1 秸秆还田和土壤水分处理对土壤时空分布的影响秸秆腐解是非常复杂且漫长的化学过程,它不仅需要合适的C/N[9],而且腐解过程中消耗土壤水分[11] ...
... 左玉萍等[12]研究认为,土壤绝对含水量在15%#cod#x02014 ...
南雄雄, 田霄鸿, 张琳, 游东海, 吴玉红, 曹玉贤.
小麦和玉米秸秆腐解特点及对土壤中碳、氮含量的影响. , 2010, 16(3): 626-633. NAN X X, TIAN X H, ZHANG L, YOU D H, WU Y H, CAO Y X.
Decomposition characteristics of maize and
wheat straw and
their effects on soil carbon and
nitrogen contents. , 2010, 16(3): 626-633. (in Chinese)
An incubation experiment was carried out to reveal decomposition characteristics of straw of maize and wheat and their effects on soil carbon and nitrogen contents. The experiment was lasted in dynamic microcosms for 32 days at 30℃ with 8 treatments combined with 2 moisture levels, namely, relative water content of 60% (M 60 ) and 80% (M 80 ), and 4 straw levels, namely, maize straw addition, wheat straw addition, mixed addition and no addition. The results show that，1) there is a strong influence of soil water content on the decomposition of the both crop straw in soils, and the rate of CO 2 evolution at RCW 60% is lower than that at RCW 80% throughout the incubation period. Moreover, the ratios of CO 2 -C derived from straw to the total released C from straw are 40.1% and 51.5% under the M 60 and M 80 treatments, respectively, and the increases of SOC content are 2.24 and 1.43 g/kg for the two treatments. 2) The rate of CO 2 -C evolution from maize straw decomposition is consistently higher than that from wheat straw. In the treatments where maize straw are added, the cumulative amount of CO 2 -C evolution and net SOC increase are408.35 mg/pot and 2.12 g/kg, and those for wheat straw additions are 378.94 mg/pot and 1.56 g/kg. When the two types of straw are mixed with soil, the two values range between those of solely additions. 3) Compared to no straw addition at the end of 32 d incubation, the contents of SOC, microbial biomass C, total N and microbial biomass N in the straw addition treatments are significantly increased, and they are almost ranked in maize straw＞maize and wheat straw＞wheat straw. Therefore, it is more easily to transform the straw carbon into inorganic C (CO 2 ) than into SOC under high water condition, and maize straw decomposition is easier than that of wheat straw. In conclusion, the high contribution of straw returning to soil can be regarded as a supplement to soil carbon pool and nutritious elements including N, and microbe, and thus soil quality is improved.
1 College of Resource and Environment Northwestern A & F University/Key Lab for Agricultural Resources and Environmental Remediation in Loess Plateau of Agriculture Ministry of China, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, C 2 College of
