想买一款笔记本300-560之间的MP4/5送给女朋友?该选哪款好?

MP4有太多种,哪种性价比较好?请各位专家推荐给我音质好的、操作方便的、售后服务好的,还有去电脑城买放心不?
正如楼上所说,性价比高的终究是国货。
视频MP3:推荐魅族M6SL,音质不错,音效调节比较丰富,可自调均衡
器,自己调一下可以调出自己喜欢的EQ。2G 499元。
MP4:台电T39 M30表现不错。
推荐昂达VX757 4G 499元。3.0英寸16:10宽屏,免转换直播RMVB
等十余种格式的视频。不但支持MP3、WMA还支持APE、FLAC等无损
对于卖机器的地点么,本人觉得还是专柜值得信赖,但不管怎么说,一定要有发票收据之类的票据,售后服务之类的卡一定要有,还有如果他们给你当地的售后服务电话及地址就比较放心啦。
其他答案(共11个回答)
信号输出。同价位的还有昂达的VX868+。
如果对屏幕要求高的话就选台电M30,599\4G.绝对一流的屏幕!昂达的话就VX747,549\4G.和VX757,499\4G.不过757的按键不好...
只关注音质的话就是魅族M6_SL了,另外的还有台电M25,2.4寸的4:3屏幕,399\2G。支持多种视频格式播放,特别是rmvb和rm格式的,另外它还支持TTS功能,可以把文字转换为音频信号输出。同价位的还有昂达的VX868+。
如果对屏幕要求高的话就选台电M30,599\4G.绝对一流的屏幕!昂达的话就VX747,549\4G.和VX757,499\4G.不过757的按键不好用。还是747的触摸屏好些,747的触摸屏反应大概在半秒,还可以接受。
另外,不要相信PSP的屏幕是夏普的,只有第一批的才是,后来都用的三星的了。
呵呵 你想要什么功能的MP4 看电影 小说 游戏 哪样比较重要 推荐看电影的给你吧 你在淘宝买的话就好办 itoos t19
我也买的m77,确如你讲的,需要很长的转换时间。其自带的软件只能解决avi,而大量的rmvb却无能为力。后来,我在网上购买的《mp4视频转换专家》,就几乎通吃了...
这个价位只能选国产机了,我自己用的是酷比b33hd,不到三百块,屏幕绝对是现在播放器里最好的之一,向你推荐
MP3推荐iPod Shuffle 1G的行货大概在650左右
MP4推荐昂达蓝调 VX848(2G) 样子很不错,屏幕2.4寸,450可以买到
前些天中央台报道过,说现在卖的几百元的mp4都是假货,只不过是在mp3的基础上加上几个功能罢了,他们是要质量没质量,要容量最多也只得512M,你要是不在乎,那你...
答: 怎么样选购枇杷?
答: 家里没权没势没钱的,都有与你相同的心理经历,让人极其痛苦!
我建议你扩大找工作的途径和范围,不仅局限于招聘会.
多与自己一起毕业的同学交流,学习经验;上网找招聘...
答: 年轻人手抖可能见于某些器质性病变,如各种癫痫的小发作,或特发性震颤。病因不明,主要累及上肢和头部。主要表现是做精细动作时出现手抖,如写字、持筷子、扣纽扣等。情绪...
餐饮业厨房产生的油烟,顾名思义,废气中主要污染物为油烟,一般采用静电除油。
液化气属较清洁能源,废气污染程度不高,主要含二氧化碳一氧化碳吧。
柴油属石油类,废气含二氧化硫和氮氧化物,二氧化硫碱液喷淋即可去除,氮氧化物主要以一氧化氮为主,要催化氧化成二氧化氮才能被碱吸收,造价成本非常高,一般的柴油发电机尾气难以治理,除非大型发电厂。
煤炭废气含二氧化硫多,一般常用的脱硫工艺即可。
铝属于两性金属,遇到酸性或碱性都会产生不同程度的腐蚀,尤其是铝合金铸件的孔隙较多,成分中还含有硅和几种重金属,其防腐蚀性能比其他铝合金更差,没有进行防护处理的铝铸件只要遇到稍带碱性或稍带酸性的水,甚至淋雨、水气、露水等就会受到腐蚀,产生白锈。
解决的办法。
铝铸件完成铸造后,在机械加工前,先要进行表面预处理,如预先对铸件进行喷砂,涂上一道底漆(如锌铬黄底漆),在此基础上再进行机械加工,以避免铸铝件在没有保护的情况下放久了被腐蚀。
1、问:房地产开发企业拆迁补偿费是否也随土地价格一起交纳契税(以房易房部分的)?
答:是的,因为取得土地的成交价格包括:地出让金、土地补偿费、安置补助费、地上附着物和青苗补偿费、拆迁补偿费、市政建设配套费等承受者应支付的货币、实物、无形资产及其它经济利益,而契税中未对房地产企业有相关的减免政策
2、问:如果交,是就补给拆迁户交差价部分交税还是就全部回迁房价格交税?在什么环节,时间交纳?
答:所谓使用回迁房作为拆迁补偿的形式,就是开发商以原地或异地的房屋抵顶拆迁补偿费的一种方法,相当于延期或分期支付拆迁补偿款,而契税条例中规定是:“纳税义务发生时间在纳税人签订土地、房屋权属移交合同的当天,或者纳税人取得其他具有土地、房屋权属转移合同性质凭证的当天。纳税人应在自纳税义务起10日内,向土地、房屋所在地的税收征收机关办理纳税申报,并在税务征收机关核定的期限内缴纳税款。 ”所以需要在取得土地的时候就要缴纳契税,需要全额计税,不能以补偿款计税。
3、问:土地使用税在什么环节交?如何交?税法说确有困难的可以减或缓,各地有具体政策吗?
答:如果原土地属于耕地的,自取得土地后满一年开始征收,如果属于非耕地的,自取得土地之下月征收。
以前的土地使用税一般都予以减免,特殊情况例外,虽然国家税务总局《关于土地使用税若干具体问题的补充规定》,对于基建项目在建期间使用的土地可以免税,但很多地方的税务机关都认为这不适用房地产企业,因为现在国家是控制房地产过热,不属于鼓励范围。
4、问:回迁部分房屋的营业税在什么环节交?
答:在交付回迁房屋或被拆迁户全部支付差价的时候缴纳,如果不需要支付差价的,以成本价格作为计税依据,如果有差价的,不需要支付部分按成本价格计税,差价部分按实际计税。
广义的《易经》包括“十翼”(包括《序卦》、《系辞》、《系辞传》等等),其中有许多的哲学观点:“1.无极生太极,太极生两仪,两仪生四象,四象生八卦。2.易有太极,是生两仪,两仪生四象,四象生八卦,八卦定吉凶,吉凶生大业。”的思想当从中可得到反映(似乎也出自其中,未及查阅)。
《易经》和《黄帝内经》是中国传统文化医易道术、阴阳五行八卦学说的起源。
无极可谓“道”,“道”不可说,唯有体证而已。
考虑是由于天气比较干燥和身体上火导致的,建议不要吃香辣和煎炸的食物,多喝水,多吃点水果,不能吃牛肉和海鱼。可以服用(穿心莲片,维生素b2和b6)。也可以服用一些中药,如清热解毒的。
确实没有偿还能力的,应当与贷款机构进行协商,宽展还款期间或者分期归还; 如果贷款机构起诉到法院胜诉之后,在履行期未履行法院判决,会申请法院强制执行; 法院在受理强制执行时,会依法查询贷款人名下的房产、车辆、证券和存款;贷款人名下没有可供执行的财产而又拒绝履行法院的生效判决,则有逾期还款等负面信息记录在个人的信用报告中并被限制高消费及出入境,甚至有可能会被司法拘留。
第一步:教育引导
不同年龄阶段的孩子“吮指癖”的原因不尽相同,但于力认为,如果没有什么异常的症状,应该以教育引导为首要方式,并注意经常帮孩子洗手,以防细菌入侵引起胃肠道感染。
第二步:转移注意力
比起严厉指责、打骂,转移注意力是一种明智的做法。比如,多让孩子进行动手游戏,让他双手都不得闲,或者用其他的玩具吸引他,还可以多带孩子出去游玩,让他在五彩缤纷的世界里获得知识,增长见识,逐渐忘记原来的坏习惯。对于小婴儿,还可以做个小布手套,或者用纱布缠住手指,直接防止他吃手。但是,不主张给孩子手指上“涂味”,比如黄连水、辣椒水等,以免影响孩子的胃口,黄连有清热解毒的功效,吃多了还可导致腹泻、呕吐。
合肥政务区网络广告推广网络推广哪家公司比较好 一套能在互联网上跑业务的系统,被网络营销专家赞为目前最 有效的网络推广方式!
1、搜索引擎营销:分两种SEO和PPC,即搜索引擎优化,是通过对网站结构、高质量的网站主题内容、丰富而有价值的相关性外部链接进行优化而使网站为用户及搜索引擎更加友好,以获得在搜索引擎上的优势排名为网站引入流量。
良工拥有十多位资深制冷维修工程师,十二年生产与制造经验,技术力量雄厚,配有先进的测试仪器,建有系列低温测试设备,备有充足的零部件,包括大量品牌的压缩机,冷凝器,蒸发器,水泵,膨胀阀等备品库,能为客户提供迅捷,优质的工业冷水机及模温机维修和保养。
楼主,龙德教育就挺好的,你可以去试试,我们家孩子一直在龙德教育补习的,我觉得还不错。
成人可以学爵士舞。不过对柔软度的拒绝比较大。  不论跳什么舞,如果要跳得美,身体的柔软度必须要好,否则无法充分发挥出理应的线条美感,爵士舞也不值得注意。在展开暖身的弯曲动作必须注意,不适合在身体肌肉未几乎和暖前用弹振形式来做弯曲,否则更容易弄巧反拙,骨折肌肉。用静态方式弯曲较安全,不过也较必须耐性。柔软度的锻炼动作之幅度更不该超过疼痛的地步,肌肉有向上的感觉即可,动作(角度)保持的时间可由10馀秒至30-40秒平均,时间愈长对肌肉及关节附近的联结的组织之负荷也愈高。
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优秀作文《性别歧视的作文》十篇 300字|500字|600字|800字|1000字
作文一:《关于性别歧视的英语作文及翻译》1500字Gender Inequality in Employment of College Graduates
Gender Inequality is a long-standing historical and global
problem .In ancient times, many countries in the world exist such Concept , but the practice of Feminist movementhave never stopped.
Nowadays, all over the world to advocate equality between men and women ,and in fact the situation is become better and better , but many people still Hold onthis concept In the
subconscious .Today ,we are suffering the global financial crisis, the economic downturn, make it more and more difficult for the college graduates to look for jobs. In this case, it seems unlikely that girls can find a job, because many enterprises and institutions in the recruitment of Discrimination against girls with a variety of reasons.
In my opinion, the concept is wrong, equality between the sexes has long been written into national laws of many countries. And there are many outstanding women, take a important roles in the government and enterprises .
At present-day society, the ability of women don’t seem to be smaller than men, so we should change our concept of inequality between men and women completely, we should give girls much more opportunities. And our society will become more harmonious and beautiful!
译文:高校毕业生招聘中的性别歧视
性别歧视是一个全球性的、历史长久的问题。在古代,世界上许多国家人民都 抱有这样的观念,但是女权运动也从未平息过。
现在,全世界都在倡导男女平等,事实上这种状况也有很大的改观,但许多人 潜意识里仍然存在着性别歧视观念。今天,我们正遭受着全球金融危机的冲 击,这使得高校毕业生的就业前景雪上加霜。在这种情况下,女生要找到一份 工作似乎更加困难,因为许多企事业用各种各样的理由拒绝女生。
在我看来这种观念是错误的,男女平等已经被写入各国法律很久了。现在,有 许多杰出女士,担任着各国政府的政要和企业中的重要位置。
在如今社会,女生的能力不一定会比男生弱,所以我们要彻底改变男女不平等 的观念,我们要给予女生们更多的机会。这个社会会变得更加和谐、美好
作文二:《性别歧视英语作文》2000字Women are not equal with men?
After women have made great strides for their rights,leaders gradually realized the necessity to achieve the equality of men and women and as well increasingly countries has put the principle of equality into practice.women are no longer being oppressed at the the bottom of society and even have equal opportunity to rise to leadership positions.however,gender discrimination still exist in insidious form today.
Women and men may not dealt with in many field especially in the job market with female graduates affected the most.The figure indicates that more than 90 percent of female students experience gender discrimination in the force labour,while more than 40 percent of believe it is harder for women to get an offer than men. “ men only” signs appeared frequently on recruit company,women are are refused by their image of delicate and lack of independent as people considered.So that women always lose many chances in choosing favorable job. Additionally , for same work,women receive lower payment at their job than men. Another statistic shows that women represent 50 percent of middle management and professional positions but the percentages of women at the top of organizations represent not even a third of that number which can not but arouse our thinking why do we have so few women leader?That’ s recessive gender discrimination.In the absence of gender discrimination stress patriarchal society,in order to realize their own value,women must pay double or even several times effort than men.
Finally,the ideas that son preference and discrimination against girls took strong root since ancient time,every family continues to have children until they have a boy,if they have a girl,they would like to have another child.Killed,aborted or neglected,at least 100 million girls have disappeared and the number is rising. As we can see from above analysis,women still encounter discrimination or unfair treatment in many aspects.To achieve the “ equality of men and women”We still have a long way to go.
作文三:《性别歧视,英语作文》16100字性别歧视,英语作文
篇一:英文性别歧视事例
Girls: Household Servants
When a boy is born in most developing countries, friends and relatives exclaim congratulations. A son means insurance. He will inherit his father's property and get a job to help support the family. When a girl is born, the reaction is very different. Some women weep when they find out their baby is a girl
because, to them, a daughter is just another expense. Her place is in the home, not in the world of men. In some parts of India, it's traditional to greet a family with a newborn girl by saying, "The servant of your household has been born."
A girl can't help but feel inferior when everything around her tells her that she is worth less than a boy. Her identity is forged as soon as her family and society limit her opportunities and declare her to be second-rate.
A combination of extreme poverty and deep biases against women creates a remorseless cycle of discrimination that keeps girls in developing countries from living up to their full potential. It also leaves them vulnerable to severe physical and emotional abuse.
These "servants of the householdcome to accept that life will never be any different.
Neglect
The developing world is full of poverty-stricken families who see their daughters as an economic predicament困境. That attitude has
resulted in the widespread neglect of baby girls in Africa, Asia, and South America. In many communities, it's a regular practice to breastfeed girls for a shorter time than boys so that women can try to get pregnant again with a boy as soon as possible. As a result, girls miss out on life-giving nutrition during a crucial window of their development, which stunts their growth and weakens their resistance to disease.
Statistics show that the neglect continues as they grow up. Young girls receive less food, healthcare and fewer vaccinations overall than boys. Not much changes as they become women. Tradition calls for women to eat last, often reduced to picking over the leftovers from the men and boys.
Abuse
Even after infancy, the threat of physical harm follows girls throughout their lives. Women in every society are vulnerable to abuse. But the threat is more severe for girls and women who live in societies where women's rights mean practically nothing.
Mothers who lack their own rights have little protection to offer their daughters, much less themselves, from male relatives and other authority figures. The frequency of rape and violent attacks against women in the developing world is alarming. Forty-five percent of Ethiopian women say that they have been assaulted in their lifetimes. In 1998, 48 percent of
Palestinian women admitted to being abused by an intimate partner within the past year.
In some cultures, the physical and psychological trauma of rape is compounded by an additional stigma. In cultures that maintain st
rict sexual codes for women, if a woman steps out of bounds—by
choosing her own husband, flirting in public, or seeking divorce from an abusive partner—she has brought dishonor to her family
and must be disciplined. Often, discipline means execution. Families commit "honor killingsto salvage their reputation tainted by disobedient women.
Appallingly, this "disobedienceincludes rape. In 1999, a 16-year-old mentally handicapped girl in Pakistan who had been raped was brought before her tribe's judicial counsel. Although she was the victim and her attacker had been arrested, the counsel decided she had brought shame to the tribe and ordered her public execution. This case, which received a lot of
publicity at the time, is not unusual. Three women fall victim to honor killings in Pakistan every day—including victims of rape. In
areas of Asia, the Middle East, and even Europe, all responsibility for sexual misconduct falls, by default, to women. How to Help
You can help pull down the barriers that keep girls from attending school and begin to bring change for women in developing countries. The most direct way is by easing the financial need that forces families to take their children out of school in the first place.
Dozens of international organizations are working to improve the livelihood of impoverished people. By building infrastructure and providing aid, vocational training, and education programs, they give families in developing countries resources to create healthy and stable lives. That takes the burden of mere survival off young women and gives them the time to get an education. With practical help and encouragement, girls are more likely to eoll and stay in
school.
encouraging all international organizations to come up with strategies for girls' education as part of their initial development plans. It has also started a movement to monitor school materials, facilities, and teachers to ensure that girls get a
quality education that promotes appropriate perceptions of women, and that female students are given the same privileges as male students. other reputable organizations need now are the resources to fund their efforts.
You can help begin to  change the lives of women around the world by making a financial gift or raising awareness about girls in the developing world who want to help raise awareness of the issues tha impact children. You can The need is clear, and though the obstacles to ending gender discrimination are high, they are not insurmountable.
Educated
women are essential to ending gender bias, starting by reducing the poverty that makes discrimination even worse in the developing world. The most basic skills in literacy and arithmetic open up opportunities for better-paying jobs for women. Uneducated women in rural areas of Zambia, for instance, are twice as likely to live in poverty as those who have had eight or more years of education. The longer a girl is able to stay in school, the greater her chances to pursue worthwhile employment, higher education, and a life without the hazards of extreme poverty.
Women who have had some schooling are more likely to get married later, survive childbirth, have fewer and healthier children,
and make sure their own children complete school. They also understand hygiene and nutrition better and are more likely to prevent disease by visiting health care facilities. The UN estimates that for every year a woman spends in primary school, the risk of her child dying prematurely is reduced by 8 percent.
Girls' education also means comprehensive change for a society. As women get the opportunity to go to school and obtain higher-level jobs, they gain status in
their communities. Status translates into the power to influence their families and societies.
Even bigger changes become possible as girls' education becomes the cultural norm. Women can't defend themselves against physical and sexual abuse until they have the authority to speak against it without fear. Knowledge gives that authority. Women who have been educated are half as likely to undergo harmful cultural practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM) and four times as likely to protect their daughters from it. The Global Campaign for Education also states that a primary education defends women against HIV/AIDS infection—disproportionately
high for women in developing countries—by giving "the most
marginalized groups in society—notably young women—the status
and confidence needed to act on information and refuse unsafe
sex."
篇二:关于女性歧视的英语演讲
Working treatment
Companies tend to employ males when employers got the same masters degree.Unequal male-female eollment rates are still exist.When the industries and positions doing this,Universities are no exception.From 2000 to 2010,female students represented more percent of top scores in college entrance exams,but some universities continue to maintain a double standard of favoring females.
Assignment distrubution in family
In China,it has long been a traditional concept that a woman without talent is called virtuous.Males are asked to go to work and wives should worship them and depend on them.although marriage is equally important for both men and women,it is the women who seem to get saddled with the weight of responsibility for adopt children and doing housework. social status
In daily life, we always equate a woman’s success with the
marriage as if that’s all there is to life.These culture expectations and assumptions run deep- so deep that we don’t even notice the
built-in sexism that separate women and men.What’s more,women
in high politic power are less than man.Still in today,people
unconsciously emphasis candidates gender when encounter
females’ name.
Language using
Both in English and Chinese,language also hind some kinds of
discrimination.”male” and “female”,using man to include the human beings,and so on.Besides,maybe high heel shoes can be
another term of please their husband or the
篇三:浅谈英汉传统文化中的性别歧视
浅谈英汉传统文化中的性别歧视
江苏电大武进学院姚丽萍
【摘要】从女性主义立场出发,对英汉传统文化所反映出的性
别歧视现象及其在语言中的体现分别作了论述和比较,阐明了社
会角色中的男女在不同文化中的期望值。
【关键词】英汉传统文化性别歧视
从跨文化交际学的角度上来说,每一个民族都有他自己的生活
习惯、思维方式、语言心理、行为规范、价值观念和文化传统。
英汉文化的内涵极为丰富,在它们之间的语义和文化的完全对等
是极为少见的,但是在男女关系之间表现出来的对女性的歧视和
男女地位的不平等却存在着许多异曲同工之处。
一、英语传统文化中出现的性别歧视
英语传统文化中的性别歧视体现在诸多方面:
1、英语称谓语中出现的性别歧视
人类社会中体现特定的人在特定的人际关系中的特定身份角色的称呼即为称谓。这种称呼反映着一定的社会文化或特定语言环境中人与人之间的关系。在英语的描述和称谓中,女人经常被说成植物或弱小的动物,如:vixen(雌狐),悍妇,bitch(母狗),泼妇,cat(猫),讨厌的女人,cow(母牛),既懒又蠢的女人,hen(母鸡),尤指爱管闲事或爱讲闲话的女人,称呼男人,
2、以男性为中心的婚俗
人类从母系社会发展到父系社会,男女角色进行了再分配:“男主外,女主内”,妇女的主导地位也随之失去。男子在家中被看作是身强力壮、主宰诸事、赡养妻小的一家之主,而女性则是依附者,活动的范围一般局限在家庭中,妇女的存在仅仅是对男子的点缀和装饰。男性在社会、政治、经济、文化等一切领域中都占着绝对的主宰地位,而女性的天地则缩小到家庭。众所周知,语言是一种特殊的社会现象,它是从劳动中创造出来的,与人的生产活动有着密切的关系,因此,当社会形成了男性占统治地位和女性居附庸地位的局面时,语言会有突出的反映。例如在以男性为中心的英语社会的婚俗中,一位女士嫁给一位男士后就会失去自己的姓名而变成“某某夫人”,就会从Miss变成Mrs.,或失去姓而只留下名,该女士也随着这种“附庸”关系而获得其社会地位,即使这位男士已经过世,她仍然是他的遗孀(如:Tom' widow)。如果要表述一个男人与一个女人结了婚,正确的表达只能是:Jane was married to (not with) John. 句中的介词“to”明确
地告诉我们,是Jane嫁给了John,Jane的地位从属于John。下面的例子也许能更好地说明这种“男娶女嫁”的婚姻规则:She wanted to marry her daughter to a rich man.
从婚俗来看,男性的中心地位和女性的附庸地位是一个不争的事实,女性只有首先获得了这种法定的附庸地位,才会获得相应的社会地位。
3、男尊女卑的宗教思想
英语族人虔信宗教,其主要宗教是基督教,上帝虽然不拒绝女信徒,可他并没有把女信徒和男信徒放在同等的地位。在《圣经》中有过这样的记载:上帝先造了亚当,又从亚当的身上抽了一根肋骨(rib)造了夏娃,于是就有了用“Adam's rib”指代woman的用法。夏娃造出来后,亚当就说:“这是我骨头中的一块新骨,我皮肉上剥离的新肉;因为她取自于人(man),所以她将被称作女人(woman)”。可见从一开始,上帝就把男人放在了统治地位,女人则只能附属于“他”而存在。虽然早期基督教所宣扬的博爱平等思想使它赢得了众多的追随者,但基督教在男女关系问题上又是一个充满矛盾的宗教。在教堂举行的婚礼上,牧师会这样宣布:I now pronounce you man and wife.(not“husband and wife”)结了婚的男士还是man,仍
可逍遥自在。而结了婚的女士却已经变成wife,身份一经确定,就不得再有非分之想。另一方面,结了婚的man,照样在外打天下,挣面包,呼风唤雨,而变成wife的女人,其天地则缩小到家
庭,只能呆在这个狭小的空间里伺候丈夫、照顾孩子、当丈夫的陪衬和点缀。英语国家的宗教语言中显示的男尊女卑的思想是显而易见的。
二、汉语传统文化中出现的性别歧视
1、汉语称谓语中出现的性别歧视
在古代中国,女人常采用表示地位低下的称谓来自称,如“奴”、“奴家”、“妾”等,而称呼丈夫则要采用表示尊敬的称谓,如“夫君”、“郎君”、“官人”等,而男性称自己的妻子为“贱室”、“荆妇”、“内人”、“房下”等。在农村还有称“堂客”、“孩子他妈”、“他/她娘”,当着外人提及自己的妻子时,用“屋里的”或“我那口子”或用自己的孩子的名称来称呼。现代,
2、以男性为中心的婚俗
中国是个有几千年封建历史的国家,婚姻习俗很多,但无论是哪一种,都是建立在“男尊女卑”思想基础上的。中国有句古语:“男大当婚,女大当嫁”,“嫁”虽是“女”、“家”组合而成的,但这个家不是女子之家,而是丈夫之家,说明了中国的传统婚姻“规则”——“从夫居”,这和英语族人的婚姻传统毫无区别。一旦进了夫家的门,与英语族人不同的是,女子就失去了自己的名,只留下了姓。如果被国人看着的家谱,其中所列某某人的妻子只是在姓后加一个氏字,如“刘氏”、“李氏”、“张氏”等。墓碑上只告诉别人“家母”姓什么。口头上,叫某个男人的妻子时,甚至连她的姓都省去了,只称作:“刘家的”、“李家的”、“张家的”
等等。即使在现代文明程度很高的香港,仍有其残迹:现任香港律政司司长陈方安生、凤凰卫视的新闻记者吕丘露薇、陈鲁豫等,都是有名的女性,但名字念起来却很别扭。很明显,她们是将丈夫的姓氏冠在自己姓名的前面,虽比起古人只有姓氏而不传其名是一个很大的进步,但夫姓冠首,所反映的还是一种隶属关系,看似新潮、前卫,实质仍是封建传统的遗留。事实上,香港、澳门等地有许多新女性都将丈夫的姓放在自己姓名的前面,以示所属,它表明性别歧视仍不是个别现象。
3、男尊女卑的封建伦理观
中国文化的主干是儒家文化,可是儒家鼻祖孔子在两千多年之前就讲过:“唯女子与小人难养也。”在孔子的心目中,女人与“小人”是同一个档次的。自从有了孔子给女性的定位,妇女的地位在封建社会中就没有高过“小人”。首先体现在完全不平等的夫妻关系上,丈夫可以随意“休妻”,正式规定的休妻理由就有七条,即所谓的“七去(出)”:“不顺父母去,为其逆德也;无子,为其绝后也;淫,为其乱族也;妒,为其乱家也;有恶疾,为其不可与共粢盛也;口多言,为其离亲也;盗窃,为其反义也。”[2]而且,休妻的手续也特别简单,只要丈夫一低“休书”,妻子就会沦为“弃妇”,受到社会的歧视。另一方面,妻子却没有“休夫”的权利,只能是“嫁鸡随鸡”,“嫁狗随狗”。即使丈夫已经去世,妻子仍然不能选择第二次婚姻,她必须为死去的丈夫“守节”,因为,“好马不伺二主,好女不嫁二夫”,“一女不吃二家饭”,“好马不吃回
头草,烈女不配二丈夫”。而相比之下,丈夫不仅可以在妻子死后名正言顺地续弦,就是妻子在世时,仍然可以有三妻四妾。
在礼教最为盛行的宋朝,还专门给妇女的言行立了“规矩”,即所谓的“三从四德”。“三从”指“未嫁从父,出嫁从夫,夫死从子”;“四德”便是“妇德、妇言、妇容、妇功”。“三从”把女人牢牢控制在被统治地位上,一辈子也没有自己当家作主的时候。而“四德”则强调女人的生存目标就是要以男人为中心,要以伺候男人为己任。除此以外,对妇女还有一些更为严格的限制:“笑不露齿,话莫高声”。荒淫无耻的南唐后主竟然别出心裁,将女人的脚裹成“三寸金莲”以供其享乐玩耍。如此种种封建伦理,任由女人怎样挣扎,也逃不出男人的手掌心。
(三)不平等的宗教信仰观
宗教信仰对于人们的精神和心理需要都起着相当重要的作用,对妇女更是如此。因为,妇女长期处于被压抑和屈辱的地位,她们对自己卑微的社会及家庭地位无法正确理解,想从宗教信仰中寻求一种精神上的寄托和慰藉。但是,就几种在我国流传较为广泛、影响较大的宗教而言,她们是不能如愿的,她们在那里的地位甚至更低。无论是本国的宗法性传统宗教:道教,还是“西土”传来的佛教,都有明显歧视妇女的性别观,都视妇女为“不祥、不洁”之物从而排斥、贬低她们。如我国宗法性传统宗教中的祭祖仪式,都是由男性族长或家长主持,无论是享祭者还是在祭者都严格按照父系血统的辈次排列,女性后人不能进入本家族的祖宗
系列。丧夫的妇女、再嫁的妇女、产妇、孕妇和行经期间的妇女等都无权参加祭祖[2] 。我国民间土生土长的道教,虽然其中的“太平道”也曾主张社会的“极大公平”,但这个公平是不包括妇女在内的。《太平经》说:“天法阳教一,阴教二;故阳者奇,阴者偶??阳者尊,阴者卑。故二阴当共事一阳,??二女当共事一男也”。[2]其中“男尊女皓”的思想一目了然,而且还为“一夫多妻”提供了“理论”根据。在国人心里占有重要地位的佛教更是将妇女贬到了社会的最低层。它视女性为”污垢、罪恶”的结晶,《阿含经》论述妇女有“九恶”:(女子)污秽不净;口恶;反复无常;好嫉妒;悭吝;喜游乐;多嗔恚;多妄语;举动轻佻。[2]《大菩萨藏经》中还说:“妇女是众苦之本,是障害之本,是杀害之本,是系缚之本,是忧愁之本,是怨寇之本,是生育之本。应当知道,妇女是消灭圣慧之眼的。”[2]《诸经要集》说的更狠毒:“在家的俗女多恚毒,近之则失国破家,触之则如遇蛇,其言如蜜,内心如鸩。”[2]总之,妇女在佛教里比魔鬼还要坏三分,他们把一切罪过都记到了妇女的头上。
三 英汉文化传统中性别歧视现象之比较
(一)英汉传统中性别歧视的相似之处
虽然英语与汉语属于不同的两大语系,说这两种语言的人属于完全不同的民族,但是,他们都生存于“人类”这个大家族中,有着相同的人类进化历程,都经历了漫长的父系社会——父权社会。无论是从传统习俗、习惯还是从传统文化等方面,都有着惊
人的类似之处:对女性的歧视现象。英语中,夏娃只不过是亚当身上的一根肋骨。试想,肋骨能离开它的依托,独立发挥作用吗?不能。因此,英语中体现了妇女社会地位的高低有赖于丈夫社会地位的高低,越是法定的附属关系,其社会地位就越牢靠。当人家的wife要比当mistress(情妇)强,而当人家的mistress又比当spinster(老处女)要好。要知道,spinster一词含有明显的贬义,含有身心不太健康、行为古怪的“老处女”之意。反映在称呼上就是,Mrs.的社会地位要高于Miss,Miss的社会地位次之,Ms则给人含混不清、神秘莫测的感觉。
汉语中,妻子只是丈夫的“贱内”、“贱妾”或“拙荆”而已。男性代表着权利、地位,可以支配一切,而女性只能依附男性而存在,所谓“夫贵妻荣”、“母凭子贵”。女性的活动范围局限于家庭那狭小的空间,其生存的主要任务和目标就是替夫家传宗接代,伺奉丈夫,取悦丈夫,作父权社会中的点缀和装饰而已。
古代中国,封建时代有把朝代更迭说成是因女人乱了朝纲(如妲己、杨玉环),却避而不谈封建统治者腐败导致革命的事实,因而有了“红颜祸水”之说,又如“哲夫成城,哲妇城倾”、“牝鸡司晨,惟家之常”,如此说法英语中也有相同表达:“It is sad house
where the hen crows louder than the  cocks”, “ It’s a silly sorry ,
flock where the owe hears the bell women are the devil’s nets (妇人是万恶之源)”, “No devil is so bad as she  debit (女人没有灵魂)”, “Women have no souls (恶魔还没有凶恶的女人历害)”,
“ Nothing agrees worse than a lady’s heart and beggar’s purse (妇人之心和乞丐的钱包一样,糟糕透顶) ”。
(二)英汉传统中性别歧视的不同之处
英语国家与中国相隔万里,其历史发展有着巨大的差别。因此,在文化和传统上存在着很大的差异。首先,中古时期的骑士风度传统虽然源于妇女是弱者需保护的心理,但它起码
反映出强者应该保护弱者的姿态。从某种意义上讲,妇女会受到一定程度的保护。其次,英国的封建社会时期要比中国的短得多。13世纪开始于意大利的文艺复兴运动,14、15世纪时已经席卷整个欧洲,1840年英国开始了资产阶级大革命,从此进入资本主义时期。文艺复兴运动和资产阶级革命解放了人们的思想,妇女的地位相应得到提高。尤其是始于19世纪的女权主义运动,为争取妇女的平等地位做出了巨大贡献,大大提高了欧美妇女的社会地位。
相比之下,中国的封建社会长达几千年,一直延续到20世纪初期,封建礼教和伦理观念愈演愈烈。如果说在封建文明较为发达的唐朝还比较开明的话,那么,到了宋朝,“三从四德”等一系的所谓“礼教”和“紧箍咒”套在广大妇女的头上,她们的地位就越来越低,以致到了妇女不能高声说话,不能露齿而笑的地步。可以说,中国妇女的社会地位和家庭地位比欧美国家的妇女地位要低得多,她们的处境更为艰难,更值得人们同情和关怀。
四 用词的中性化
语言是社会生活的一面镜子,它反映着社会生活的方方面面。性别歧视现象体现于语言形式,但根源于社会和文化。这一观点既适用于英语,又适用于汉语,尽管英汉语中的性别歧视现象可采用不同的形式,但它们共同反映了各自的社会,文化等现实,它们的变更方式不同,但方向一致,即去除社会文化给语言打上了性别歧视的烙印。而要在较短的时期内消除这一现象是不可能实现的,但不可否认,男女平等的观念已经深入人心,一种新的价值观正在逐渐形成和发展。可以预见,随着人类社会的发展,语言中的性别歧视现象将会引起更多的关注,并伴随着文化传统中性别歧视现象的消灭而最终消失。一批著名的女权主义者、女性主义文学批评家,如法国的西蒙?波伏娃(S imone de Beauvoir)、克里斯多娃(J.Kristeva)、西苏(H.Cixous)、英国的弗吉尼亚?伍尔夫(Virqinia Woolf)、美国的肖瓦尔特(E.Showalter)等都非常重视对男性语言的批判。她们认为,首先应该从语言上颠覆男权统治,主张创造没有性别歧视的词汇或用中性词替代具有明显性别差异的词汇等。如,用domestic engineer代替housewife;用dingle代替离婚后的男女,因为,离婚后的男子仍可称bachelor,而离婚后的女子只能是divorcee;用中性词person代替man或woman构词,如:mankind-personkind,fisherman-fisherperson,chai rman -chairperson,salesman-salesperson等。另外,男性泛化词后面添上表示女性的词或改成不带性别标识的复数形式:
1.Someone has left his or her bag in the classroom.
2.Students should sudy hard.If they don't,they cannot make
progress.
除此以外,英国政府还用立法来维护男女的平等权利,如就业
平等委员会已经立法规定了招工广告用语的中性化要求[3]:慎用
男性词(he,him,his等)指代男女双性,要用兼顾两性的he or she,him/her等。机械师、打字员和餐厅服务员等职位不可偏向一
性,如,“Waite r required”属违法广告用语,要用“Waiter/Waitress required”取代。美国政府也很重视女权主义者改变性别歧视语言
的呼声,美国劳动部在十多年前组织编写出版的《职业名称辞典》
(Dictionary of Occupational Title)就尽量避开了性别歧视语言:
maid-house wor ker or helper,takceff man-battery plate
remover,takeoff girl-form stripper,gover ness-nanny,etc.
在中国,由于汉字为方块字,很难在造字方面进行改革。新中
国成立以后,重点主要放在妇女的政治和经济地位的提高上。毛
泽东主席的“妇女半边天”指示以及政府倡导的“男女同工同酬”
等政策,将广大的妇女从家庭的桎梏中解放出来,使妇女获得了
政治、经济上的独立。另外,政府颁发了妇女儿童权益保护法,
以保障妇女的权利。中国女权主义运动还处在学习西方女权主义
理论的初级阶段,更多的只是“纸上谈兵”,还未针对中国几千年
来男尊女卑的封建传统和伦理观念展开斗争,这种根深蒂固的传
统观念不是朝一夕就可以清除掉的,男女要真正平等,妇女要得
到彻底解放,还有很长一段路要走。
【参考文献】
[1] The Holy Bible,London:Collins'Clear-Type Prss,1906.
[2] 王庆淑.中国传统习俗中的性别歧视[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995.
[3] 穆凤良,李秀萍.英语中的性别歧视与中性化[J].外语与外语教学,1998(5):17—2 0.
[4] 常敬宇.汉语词汇与文化[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995.
浅谈英汉传统文化中的男女关系
【作者】韩荧江苏电大武进学院02国贸英语班
作文四:《性别歧视的原因》700字
英语性别歧视现象极其原因探悉
【摘要】:语言与社会之间有着密切的关系,语言一方面是文化的组成部分,另一方面又是文化的载体。由于英语国家妇女一直处于受歧视的地位,在社会生活中扮演从属的角色,英语中不可避免地表现出了对女性的性别歧视。本文总结归纳了英语词汇中性别歧视的种种表现,并且分析了造成这种歧视的社会原因、文化原因以及心理原因。
【作者单位】:北京外国语大学外国语言研究所 内蒙古大学外国语学院
【关键词】:英语 性别歧视 原因探悉
【分类号】:H313
【正文快照】:
语言是人类社会特有的产物,是人区别与动物的本质特征。语言的存在与发展和人类社会的发展密切相关,它是一面镜子,反映人们的思想观念,包括各种信仰和偏见。长期以来,不论东西方,几乎每个社会都是由男人一统天下,妇女一直处于受歧视受压迫的地位,在社会政治、经济生
英语中的性别歧视
【摘要】:正语言是一种社会现象,它随着社会的发展变化而发展变化.各种社会风俗、习惯以及价值观念都会在语言和语言的使用中留下痕迹.这是因为人类社会的各个阶层都在尽量地把自己的意识、习惯、爱好以及偏见融入语言这个社会交际工具中去.因此,人们在研究某个历史时期的语言过程中总会发现语言中所反映出来的种种社会观念.在历史发展的长河中,男尊女卑在许多社会里是一种非常普遍的现象.它不仅反映在社会分
【关键词】: 性别歧视 动物名词 现代英语 男性或女性 语言过程 “妓女” 代词 贬义 比喻 用法
【正文快照】:
语言是一种社会现象,它随着社会的发展变化而发展变化。各种社会风俗、习惯以及价值观念都会在语言和语言的使用中留下痕迹。这是因为人类社会的各个阶层都在尽量地把自己的意识、习惯、爱好以及偏见融入语言这个社会交际工具中去。因此,人们在研究某个历史时期的语言过程中
作文五:《好莱坞的性别歧视》9600字好莱坞的性别歧视早已不是什么新鲜事。从索尼影业被黑客攻击后泄露出男女高管巨大薪资差距,到报告公布出女导演和女制片几十年未变的可怜比例,再到女演员们最被关心的问题永远离不开穿什么,好莱坞的性别歧视问题正因持续被曝光而逐渐受到人们的关注。当红的一线女星作为女主角的电影片酬居然敌不过同一部影片中作为男配角的二线男星的片酬,这令人大为吃惊,然而这只是好莱坞性别歧视现象的冰山一角,好莱坞台前幕后的女性会遭遇到哪些不公正的待遇,其背后的原因何在?让我们来一一探究!   How Hollywood Keeps Out Women   omen are not 1)tapped for power jobs in Hollywood. Their numbers trail far behind the percentage of females in executive positions in other heavily male-dominated endeavors, including the military, tech, finance, government, science and engineering. In 2013, 1.9 percent of the directors of Hollywood’s 100 top-grossing films were female. In 2011, women held 7.1 percent of U.S. military general and 2)admiral posts, 20 percent of U.S. Senate seats and more than 20 percent of leadership roles at Twitter and Facebook―and both companies now face gender-discrimination lawsuits.   At top U.S. film schools, women and men are almost equally represented. Females account for 46 percent of USC’s School of Cinematic Arts graduate students. At New York University’s Tisch School of the Arts, 51 percent of graduate students are women.   Yet between the day these women graduate and the day, a few years later, that their male college peers begin showing up in film credits, most women filmmakers vanish into 3)obscurity.   A study 4)commissioned by the Sundance Institute and Women in Film Los Angeles, found that women and men who graduate from Sundance’s prestigious labs in Utah finish their films at the same rate and get their films accepted to the world’s top independent festivals at the same rate.   Then something unsettling happens. After competing at Sundance and other big festivals, the men who win awards are often tapped to direct for the Big Six: Disney, Universal, Warner Bros., Paramount, Sony and 20th Century Fox. But Big Six studio executives seem to ignore the award-winning female filmmakers, rarely inviting them to direct a picture.   Explanations for why studio executives and top agents tend to 5)snub talented women have been playing on repeat for decades. Since at least the 1970s, studio execs have 6)deflected discussion of themselves and pointed to the women. They contend that the pool of female talent is too small and that women are not interested in directing action and comic book movies―and have even suggested women can’t handle big budgets.     But Barbara Schock, chair of NYU’s graduate film program, says, “We train everybody in the whole range of filmmaking. I’m seeing no difference whatsoever in their abilities,” whether male or female.   Hollywood wasn’t always like this. When the film industry 7)coalesced in Los Angeles in the early 1900s, some of its most powerful players were women.   Screenwriter Frances Marion wrote nearly 200 films between 1915 and 1989, and often collaborated with other women. Lois Weber was one of early Hollywood’s most prolific and powerful directors, with more than 130 films to her credit.   But two events in the 1920s brought that glimmer of equality to a halt. In 1921, Roscoe“Fatty” Arbuckle was 8)implicated in the death of young actress Virginia Rappe. The Fatty Arbuckle scandal was used to create this public discussion of Hollywood encouraging young women to do things 9)unchaperoned. Then, beginning in 1929, Depression and Hollywood’s transition from silent films to talkies forced executives to deal with Wall Street for loans. Hollywood began answering to Wall Street, sidelining women because the financiers didn’t back them.   Between 1949 and 1979, the robust female talent behind the cameras all but disappeared. To watch films was to see a world made up of men, acting out men’s stories financed by men, written by men and filmed by men, with women often thrown in as sidekicks or arm candy.   In the late 1960s and 1970s, women started fighting back. The Women’s Committee of the Screen Actors Guild was formed in 1972. In 1973, activists founded the Committee of Women Writers at the Writers Guild of America.   In 1979, six female directors established the Women’s Steering Committee at the Directors Guild of America. Producer-director Victoria Hochberg was one of the six. “We had all reached a certain level of success,” says Hochberg. “I had been nominated for an Emmy, one of us had won an Oscar and another had won a 10)Peabody…but at a certain point, it just came out. ‘Are you working?’ ‘No.’ ‘Are you working?’ ‘No.’”   Hochberg and her group dug up the data showing that just 14 films had been directed by women in the previous 30 years. “Now that,” she says, “is a startling statistic.” They confronted studio executives but were ignored. So in the early 1980s, they sued. That got executives’ attention: Between 1985 and 1995, the number of films directed by women skyrocketed to 16 percent from nearly zero.   The Daily Beast revealed last December that Jennifer Lawrence and Amy Adams, the female stars of American Hustle, were paid far less than even a secondary male actor in the film, Jeremy Renner.     Another example of the double standard: Women   with a box office failure often don’t get hired again, but men who fail do. “If a movie starring or written by or directed by a man 11)flops, people don’t blame the gender of the creator,” Diablo Cody says. “It’s just kind of weird how the blame is always immediately placed on female directors.”   According to Mina Cikara, an assistant professor of psychology at Harvard University, research shows that change starts at the top. “If the most powerful person at the table neglects to even look in the direction of the sole female fleet member,” she says, “then yes, other people are going to pick up on that info and 12)follow suit.”   Hollywood’s top-level executives do just that. They have maintained radio silence on the industry’s gender imbalance issue for decades.   Why do executives in one of the world’s most progressive and cosmopolitan communities make decisions like these?   Susanne Quadflieg, a neuroscientist and an expert in gender bias at Bristol University in London, explained that MRI-based brain studies show stereotypes are activated in about 170 milliseconds. No matter how open-minded we fancy ourselves, these biases kick in without our realizing it.   Quadflieg says a process known as “implicit stereotyping” allows these split-second biases to kick in despite political or personal beliefs. When a woman 13)defies these biased expectations, “You’re very good at coming up with reasons for why that might be: ‘Oh, her dad was a professor, too.’ But with a man, they just think, ‘OK, yeah, there’s a man who’s good in math. Big deal.’”   The research also points to an elegantly straightforward solution to this problem that has loomed over Hollywood since the 1940s: Studio executives and top agents should just hire more women.   “If you had a lot of exposure to these unexpected roles for women, you would, over time, adjust your expectation,” Quadflieg says. “The easiest way to overcome stereotypical expectations is to get them repeatedly violated.”   在好莱坞,担当重要职位的女性并不多。好莱坞的女性高管数量远远落后于其他由男性主宰的行业,包括军队、技术、金融、政府、科学和建造工程等行业。2013年,好莱坞总票房前100名影片的导演中仅有1.9%是女性。而在2011年,女性占据了7.1%的美国军事将领和海军上将的岗位,20%的美国参议院席位以及超过20%的Twitter和Facebook领导角色――而现在这两家公司都面临着性别歧视诉讼。   在美国顶级的电影学院中,男女学生比例基本持平。南加州大学电影艺术学院毕业生中女性占了46%。在纽约大学提斯克艺术学院,51%的毕业生是女性。   然而,从这些女性毕业的那天起,到之后的几年间,她们的男性校友就已开始在电影行业中崭露头角,而大多数的女性电影制作人则逐渐销声匿迹。     圣丹斯协会和洛杉矶女性电影人协会组织进行的一项研究显示,从犹他州著名的圣丹斯实验室毕业的男女比例相同,他们打入世界顶级独立电影节的影片比例也相同。   然而,一些令人不安的事情发生了。在圣丹斯和其他大型电影节中角逐后,赢得奖项的男性们经常被挖掘担任六大电影公司的导演:迪斯尼、环球、华纳兄弟、派拉蒙、索尼影业和二十世纪福克斯公司。但是六大电影公司的高级主管似乎忽略了获奖的女导演,几乎没有邀请她们导演任何影片。   几十年来,电影公司的高级主管和顶尖经纪公司对冷落有才华的女性所作出的解释一直是老调重弹。早自20世纪70年代起,高级主管们就转嫁舆论锋芒,把问题的矛头直指女性。他们声称女性才华有局限性以及女性对导演动作片和由漫画改编的电影并不感兴趣――甚至暗示女性没有能力控制高额预算。   但是纽约大学毕业生电影项目的主席芭芭拉?休克却这样说道:“我们全方位训练每一位学生的电影导演能力。从他们的能力方面来看,我看不到任何区别。”勿论男女。   好莱坞并不总是如此。20世纪初,电影产业开始在洛杉矶兴起,那时,许多具有巨大影响力的演员都是女性。   从1915年至1989年间,电影剧本作家弗兰丝斯?马丽恩创作了近200部电影剧本,也经常和其他女性合作。洛伊斯?韦伯就是好莱坞早期的一位极其多产且具有巨大影响力的电影导演,她导演了130多部令人称颂的电影。   但发生在20世纪20年代的两个事件使得这种平等的希望之光停止了闪烁。1921年,“大胖”罗斯科?阿巴克尔牵涉年轻女演员维吉尼亚?拉佩之死。大胖阿巴克尔丑闻被借以引导公众大肆讨论好莱坞鼓励年轻女性在无成人监护的情况下工作。接着,自1929年开始,经济大萧条以及好莱坞从无声电影转向有声电影使得高管们不得不向华尔街贷款。好莱坞开始为了迎合华尔街而排斥女性,因为投资者们并不支持女性。   从1949到1979年间,摄影机后那些精力充沛、才华横溢的女性几乎全部消失了。看电影就像是看一个由男人组成的世界,这些影片讲述的都是由男人投资、由男人创作、由男人拍摄的有关男人的故事,而女性则经常作为助手或者是花瓶美女出现。   20世纪60年代和70年代后期,女性开始反击。1972年,美国女性演员工会委员会成立。1973年,维权分子在美国作家协会中创设了女作家委员会。   1979年,六位女导演为美国导演协会创设了女性指导委员会。制作人兼导演维多利亚?霍赫贝格就是其中一位创设者。“我们都取得了一定的成就。”霍赫贝格说道。“我曾被提名艾美奖,我们其中一位曾获得奥斯卡奖,另一位曾获得皮博迪奖……但在某种程度上,得到的结果不过如此――‘你有在工作吗?’‘没有。’‘你有在工作吗?’‘没有。’”   霍赫贝格和她的队员们挖掘出来的数据表明,在过去的30年里,只有14部电影是由女性导演的。“这无疑,”她说道,“是个惊人的数据。”她们与电影公司的高级主管们对峙,但却受到了忽略。因此,在20世纪80年代初,她们提出了

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