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起诉网购公司，难度不小哦。总的来说，如无特别约定，应到亚马逊的注册地法院起诉。准备好对方的营业执照、组织机构代码证、可能还要对方的特许经营许可证之类的。
个人如何能拿到卓越亚马逊的营业执照、组织机构代码证。卓越亚马逊的注册地址在什么地方
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亚马逊在中国的公司名字是“北京世纪卓越信息技术有限公司”，他们在很多地方都有分公司。他们的注册信息什么的，你可以登录当地的工商管理局页面，搜公司名字就能查到
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我们会通过消息、邮箱等方式尽快将举报结果通知您。1 电子商务综述（Introduction to E-commerce）引例（Case） ：Amazon.com 1994 年，一个名叫杰夫?贝索斯的年轻人迷上了迅速发展的互联网，当时他还 只是个财务分析师兼基金管理员。他列出了 20 种可能在互联网上畅销的产品。通过 认真的分析，他选择了图书，并为他的网上书店起名亚马逊。 In 1994, a young man named Jeff Bezos, who was just a financial analyst and fund manager, became intrigued by the rapid growth of the Internet. He listed 20 products that might sell well on the Internet. After some intense analysis, he chose books, and he named his online bookshop Amazon.com. 贝索斯以前并没有什么图书销售行业的经验。但他知道图书属低价商品，易于运 输，而且很多顾客在买书时不要求当面检查一下。所以，如果促销有力，就能够使顾 客冲动购买图书。每时每刻，全球都有 400 多万种图书正在印刷，其中 100 多万种是 英文图书。然而，即使是最大的书店也不可能库存有 20 万种图书。这样，贝索斯发 现了图书在线销售的战略机会。 Even though Bezos had no experience in selling books before, he realized that books were the low-price commodities and ideal for shipping. What's more, lots of customers would be willing to buy books without inspecting them in person. With effective promotion, books could be impulse purchase items. More than 4 million book titles are being printed every minute and more than 1 million of them are in English. However, even the largest physical bookstore can not stock more than 200 thousand books. From this, Bezos found a strategic opportunity of selling books on line. 除了上述销售机会，另一个因素对于亚马逊网上书店的成功也同样重要，这就是 图书销售这个行业的供应商结构。贝索斯发现，图书市场上有很多出版商，但没有一 个能够垄断市场。因此，就没有出版商能够制约亚马逊网上书店的图书供应，或作为 竞争者进入这个市场。贝索斯最后决定把公司设在西雅图，这里有很多计算机编程高 手，还有全球最大的图书分销中心。 Besides the sale opportunity above, the supply structure of books selling is also very important to the success of Amazon online bookstore. Bezos found that there were a lot of publishers in book market, but none of them could monopolize the market. Thus no single1supplier could restrict the supply of books of Amazon online bookshop or enter his market as a competitor. Bezos decided to locate his company in Seattle, close to a large pool of computer programming talents and near the largest book distribution warehouses in the world. 贝索斯鼓励顾客把自己的书评发给网站， 他把这些评论和图书的出版商信息一起 发布。顾客的书评就像街边书店里店员的推荐和建议。虽然贝索斯看到了互联网是送 达小的、高度集中的细分市场的巨大力量，但他知道网上书店不可能满足所有顾客的 所有要求。所以，他设计了一个关联销售方案，把其他网站划分为不同的主题，这些 网站可以和亚马逊网上书店特定主题的图书建立链接。作为回报，亚马逊将这种链接 所带来的销售额的百分比提成返给这些网站。 Bezos encouraged his customers to submit their book reviews to websites. He posted these reviews with the publishers’ information. This customer participation served as a substitute for the corner bookshop staff’s friend advice and recommendations. Bezos saw the tremendous power of the Internet in reaching small and highly concentrated market segments, but he realized that his online bookstore could not satisfy all customers’ demands. Therefore, he designed a sales associate program in which Web sites devoted to a particular topic, could provide links to Amazon.com books that related to that topic. In return, Amazon.com remits a percentage of the referred sales to the owner of the referring site. 在亚马逊网上书店的成长过程中，它总是在不断地寻找新的战略机会。1998 年， 它开始销售 CD 唱片和录像带。它的 WWW 网站软件可以追踪顾客的购货记录并向顾客 推荐相关书籍。此外，顾客还可以要求亚马逊网上书店在某一作者出版新书时通知自 己。由于不断关注并改进图书的进货、促销、销售和运输等业务环节，贝索斯和他的 亚马逊网上书店成为电子商务领域早期一颗耀眼的明星。 During the growth of Amazon.com, it has been seeking new strategic opportunities. In 1998, Amazon.com began selling CDs and videotapes. The website software could track a customer’s purchase and recommend relevant book titles. In addition, customers could also request the Amazon.com to inform them of the new books by a certain author. Paying much attention to every process involved in books buying, promoting, selling and shipping, Bezos and his Amazon.com became the first visible success stories in electronic commerce. 开始于 20 世纪 90 年代初期的互联网商业化直接推动了电子商务的迅速发展。 电 子商务的影响及其所带来的变革是全面而深远的， 同时电子商务的发展和应用是不断 变化和演进的过程，这就要求我们进一步认识和理解电子商务。 The Internet commercialization beginning at the early 1990s has directly promoted the2rapid development of electronic commerce. The impact and the changes brought by the E-commerce are comprehensive and far-reaching. Meanwhile, the development and the application of E-commerce is a process of changing and evolution. Therefore, it is necessary for us to study electronic commerce. 【本章要点】 电子商务的定义和要素 The definition and elements of E-commerce 各种不同类型的电子商务 Different types of E-commerce 电子商务的产生和发展历史 The history and development of E-commerce 相关学科对电子商务的影响 The impact of relevant disciplines on E-commerce1.1 电子商务的基本概念(The Basic Concept of Electronic Commerce)“商务”是从事商品交换的经济事务活动。直观地讲，就是商品（货物）的买、 卖，或者说是货品的交换及分配。可见，商务涉及到货品、服务、金融、知识信息等 的交易，与此有关的企业、机构、单位、部门、消费者等团体或个体以一定的契约及 规则相互联系在一起，构成了一个符合社会规律并按一定方式进行的商贸活动网络。 Commerce is economic activity involving the exchange of commodities. Directly speaking, it is buying and the selling of commodities, or it is the exchange and distribution of goods. Commerce involves the transaction of commodities, services, finance and knowledge information, etc. The relevant groups, such as enterprises, institutions, sectors, departments, and consumers, or individual consumers are associated with each other by certain contracts and rules, which constructs a commercial activity network in accordance with the social rules and some ways. 随着社会进步和生产力的发展，特别是各个时期科学技术的不断创新，商务的形 式及具体内容应市场的需求在不断地变化。 从原始的以物易物的商品交换演变成以货 币为媒介的商品交换，进而发展成近代渗透着发达的科学技术手段的商品交换。19 世纪晚期的邮购订货， 世纪 60 年代后期的折扣减价超市， 年代前期的电话订购， 20 70 80 年代的电视直销和会员制邮购直销，到今天的网络营销等，可以说都是商务活动 手段的更新换代。电子工具就是对传统商务进行改造、补充和拓展的现代手段，电子 工具包括从初级的电报、电话到国家信息基础设施（NII） 、全球信息基础设施（GII）3和互联网等现代通讯与信息系统，以及用于商务活动的网络平台、信息化工具、交易 操作方案、关系数据库、信息处理等。而电子商务就是一套运用电子计算机及网络技 术等现代科学手段进行的商务活动。 With the development of our society and productivity, especially with the continuous innovation of science and technology in different times, the forms and contents of commerce are changing continually based on the demands of market. The exchange of goods developed from the primordial barter to the currency exchange by cash, then to the commodity exchange infiltrated with modern advanced scientific technology. The medium of commerce has been upgrading throughout history, from the mail-ordering in the late 19th century to the discount supermarkets in the late 1960s, from the telephone-ordering in the early 1970s to the television direct sales and the members' direct mail sales in the 1980s. The current network marketing could be regarded as a renewal. Electronic tools are modern medium to remake, supplement and expand traditional commerce. Electronic tools include modern communication and information systems (from the primary telegraph, telephone to the national information infrastructure (NII), the Global Information Infrastructure (GII), and the Internet, and the network platforms, information tools, the transaction operation program, relationship database, and information processing for commercial activities. And electronic commerce is exactly a set of commercial activities that are conducted by using computers, network technology and other modern scientific methods. 1.1.1 电子商务的定义（The Definition of E-commerce） 1．什么是电子商务（What is E-commerce?） 电子商务就其性质和应用的领域来讲是一个复杂的系统工程， 绝对不能单纯理解 为“电子”加“商务” ，或者“电子网络”与“商务”概念的简单叠加，或者“电子 是手段，商业是目的” 。那么，究竟什么是电子商务呢？电子商务，顾名思义就是建 立在电子技术和网络技术基础上的商业运作， 是利用电子技术所提供的工具手段实现 其操作过程的商务。当企业将它的主要业务通过企业内部网、外部网以及互联网与企 业的职员、客户、供销商以及合作伙伴直接相连时，其中发生的各种活动就是电子商 务活动，如图 1-1 所示。 Electronic commerce is a complex systematic project in its nature and application, which can not simply be understood as &electron& plus &commerce&, or &electronic network& plus &commerce&, or &electron as the medium and commerce as the aim&. Then what is E-commerce? Electronic commerce, as its name implies, is the business operation based on the electronic and network technology. The commerce realizes its operating process by electronic technology. When enterprises connect their staff, clients, suppliers4and cooperators directly with their internal net, the external net and the Internet, all the proceeding activities can be called electronic commerce, as is shown in Figure 1-1.Internet/ Internet/ IP/IP-VPN IP/IP-VPN Consumer Business Internet/ Internet/ IP/IP-VPN IP/IP-VPN Certificate Authority (CA)Finance Private Finance Private Network Network (FPN) (FPN) Bank-Issue Bank-Receive Payment Gateway图 1-1 电子商务活动示意图2．EDI、EC 和 EB “电子商务”作为一个专有名词被提出、传播并推广，虽然是在 1996 年前后才 开始的，但在现实意义上，电子商务实践早在 20 世纪 60 年代就在美国诞生了，这就 是 EDI（电子数据交换） 。EDI 是指以电子形式在不同系统之间进行数据交换，以支持 商务处理。 具体来说， 就是企业在自己的内部通过文字处理技术自动地处理各种单证， 但由于各个企业所制订的交易程序不一致，所用的技术也不尽相同，为了实现企业间 的数据交流，必须把这些相对独立的个体连接起来，形成新的商务处理模式，实行无 纸贸易，这就是 EDI 所能提供的服务。 &E-commerce&, as a proper noun, was proposed, disseminated and expanded around 1996. But in the real sense, the practice of E-commerce came into forms of EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) in the early 1960s. EDI means data exchange in the form of electron among different systems to support the commerce transactions. Specifically speaking, inside the enterprise, they handle various documents automatically by the word processing technology. Due to the different transaction procedures designated by many enterprises, the technology used varies from one enterprise to another. In order to exchange data between enterprises, EDI provide services that can realize paperless transactions by linking up these comparatively independent enterprises to form a new business model. 早期的 EDI 不仅成本较高，而且只有特大型企业才能使用。在增值网（VAN）上5进行的 EDI 虽然使得中小企业从事电子商务成为可能， 但不同行业的 EDI 标准并不一 致，而且十分复杂，依然存在信息传递不畅等问题，而互联网的发展，使企业开展电 子商务的程序简化，费用降低。 Early EDI cost much. Only super large enterprises can afford it. The EDI in the Value Added Network (VAN) makes it possible for small and medium-size enterprises to engage in E-commerce. However, EDI standards in different sectors were the incompatible and complex. Information dissemination remains poor. The development of the Internet enables enterprises to simplify the procedures of their electronic commerce and reduce their cost. 电子商务的概念，可以作广义和狭义上的研讨，而且在不同的英文文献和研究报 告中，分别使用 E-commerce 和 E-business 的说法。 Electronic commerce can be discussed in broad sense and narrow sense. In many English literature and reports, E-commerce and E-business are adopted. 狭义上的电子商务，有些人把它称为“电子商贸”，指通过互联网、Intranet 或 VAN，以电子方式进行的各种交易与管理活动。它既包括传统贸易活动在各环节的 电子化、网络化，也包括通过互联网创新的商务模式和新业态。 EC (Electronic Commerce) in its narrow sense is also sometimes called &electronic trade&. It refers to transactions and management conducted in the electronic form on the Internet, Intranet and VAN. It includes electronic and net working procedures in traditional trade as well as innovative commerce mode and new state of industry via the Internet. 这些商贸活动， 既可以是通过互联网买卖产品和提供服务， 产品可以是实体化的， 如汽车、电视，也可以是数字化的，如新闻、录像、软件等基于知识的产品。此外， 还可以提供各类服务，如安排旅游、远程教育等。它实现了交易的无纸化、自动化和 高效化。因此，电子商务是在技术、经济高度发达的现代社会里，掌握信息技术和商 务规则的人，系统地运用电子工具，高效率、低成本地从事以商品交换为中心的各种 活动的总称。 EC can provide transactions of products and services via the Internet. Products can be substantial, such as automobiles and televisions. They can be digital, such as news, videos, and software which are products based on knowledge. Moreover, it can also provide various types of services, such as itinerary, remote education and so on. It has realized the paperless, automatic and effective transactions. Therefore, electronic commerce is the general naming of all activities in which people armed with information technology and commercial rules apply electronic tools systematically to exchange commodities effectively and economically in modern society with developed technology and economy. 广义上的电子商务，包括应用计算机、网络技术与现代信息通信技术，并按照一 定的标准， 利用电子化工具来实现包括电子交易在内的商务和行政作业等商业活动的6全过程。 Electronic commerce in its broad sense refers to the entire business process of the commerce (including electronic transactions) and the administrative operation realized with electronic tools by applying computer, network technology and the modern information communication technology according to certain standards. 因此，一方面，电子商务包括通过网络电子邮件、视频交换、文件交换以及 EDI 所进行的网络上的商业数据交换和通过网络进行的电子交易， 还包括政府职能部门提 供的电子化服务、网络银行以及跨企业共同运作，覆盖与商务活动有关的所有方面； 另一方面，电子商务还包括企业内部商务活动，如生产、管理、财务等，也包括企业 间以及企业与客户之间的商务活动。它不仅仅是硬件和软件的结合，更是把买家、卖 家、厂家和合作伙伴在互联网、内联网等网络上利用网络技术与现有的商业设施结合 起来进行运营。 Therefore, electronic commerce, on one hand, includes the exchanges of network E-mails, videos, and documents as well as the commerce data exchange via EDI on the network, and the electronic transactions on the network. It also includes the electronic services provided, cyber-banks and inter-enterprise cooperation by government departments. It covers all the aspects related to business. On the other hand, it includes the internal enterprise activities such as production, management, finance and so on. It also includes business between parallel enterprises and between enterprises and clients. It is not only the combination of hardware and software, but also the combined cooperation on the Internet and the Intranet between buyers, sellers, manufacturers, and partners who apply net working technology combined with the present existing business facilities. 电子商务既包括商务电子化，也包括电子化商务系统。对于狭义定义，人们比较 容易接受，因为在许多领域有类似定义，譬如会计电算化、金融电子化等，它们强调 的是人工系统的电子化改造过程， 表示一个由初级到高级、 由局部过渡到整体的过程。 而广义定义则突出了它的前提、中心、重点、目的和标准，指出它应达到的水平和效 果，它是对电子商务更严格和体现时代要求的定义。它从系统的观点出发，强调人在 系统中的中心地位，将人与环境、人与工具、人与劳动对象联系起来，用系统的目标、 系统的组成来定义电子商务，从而使它具有生产力定义的性质。 In essence, E-commerce is both electronic commerce and an electronic commerce system. It is easier for people to accept the naming in its narrow sense, because of the similar naming in many other fields, such as computerized accounting and electronic finance. What the naming emphasizes is the electronic transforming process from the primary manual work stage to an advanced stage and from partiality to entirety. The broad sense stresses its prerequisites, focus, vital points, purposes and standards, and points out7the level and the effect it should achieve. It is a stricter definition reflecting the requirements of the times for electronic commerce. From the systematic point of view, it emphasizes man’s central position in the system, associating man and environment, man and tools, and man and the objects of labor. E-commerce is defined from systematic goals and systematic components so it has the nature of productivity. 可以说，狭义定义是基本范畴，广义定义则是具有现代特征、现实意义的电子商 务系统定义。如果不作特别说明，通常指的是广义的电子商务定义。 Thus we can say that the narrow sense is the basic category, while the broad sense is the definition of electronic commerce system which possesses modern features and realistic significance. Without any special statement, electronic commerce usually denotes the broad sense. 1.1.2 电子商务的内容（The Contents of E-commerce） 要明确电子商务的概念，就要进一步考察它的内容，包括其内涵与外延。 To understand the concept of E-commerce, let’s first examine its connotation and extension. 1． 电子商务的内涵（The Connotation of E-commerce） 从电子商务的定义可知，完整的电子商务内涵包括：前提条件、信息内容和集成 信息资源、人的知识和技能、系列化系统化的电子工具、以商品交易为中心的各种经 济（商业）事务活动。 From the definition of E-commerce, we know that the complete connotation of electronic commerce includes the prerequisite, the information contents and the integrated information resources, man’s knowledge and skills, serialized and systematized electronic tools and different kinds of economic (business) activities centering round the transactions of commodities. ⑴ 电子商务的前提条件（The Prerequisite for E-commerce） 电子商务的前提条件就是信息化。 而以计算机和计算机网络为代表的电子信息技 术的发明、创造和利用，则主要针对的是人的知识获取、智力延伸，它是对自然界信 息、人类社会信息进行采集、储存、加工、处理、分发、传输等的工具。在它的帮助 下人类可以更好地继承前人的经验和智慧，吸取教训，从而可以大大扩充人类知识， 弥补自然界物质、能源有限的不足，走出一条内涵式、集约化发展社会物质、文化的 理想之路来。所以，当今社会技术的代表应当是电子信息技术，它是开发和利用信息 资源（充分共享、再生、组合、重叠、产生新的信息）的有效工具。 The prerequisite for E-commerce is informatization. But the invention, the creation and the use of the electronic information technology represented by computer and8computer network is mainly aimed at the knowledge acquirement, the intellectual extension. It is a tool that collects, stores, processes and distributes and transmits the information about the nature and human society. With its help, we, human beings, can inherit the experiences, lessons and wisdom of our predecessors so that we can expand our knowledge and supplement natural substance and the energy resources and pave an ideal road for social substance and cultural development. Therefore, electronic information technology represents present society technology and it is the effective tool to develop and utilize information resources (fully share, regenerate, compose, overlap and produce new information). ⑵ 电子商务的根基（The Foundation of E-commerce） 信息的采集、加工和处理及信息内容的合理、准确是电子商务发展、推广应用的 根基。在一个信息不发达的社会里全面实现电子商务是难以设想的。真正的信息内容 是由核心商务系统产生出来的，这些信息应该能为更多的人所使用。 The development and the application of the electronic commerce lie in reasonable and accurate collection and processing of information. It is hard to imagine the complete realization of electronic commerce in a society with underdeveloped information. Valuable information contents are produced by the core commerce system and are accessible to a wider public. 企业中最有价值的信息包括客户数据库、库存记录、产品信息、银行账号、安全 密码等，这些宝贵的信息财富支撑着一个企业的运作。将这些信息与自己的网络站点 集成起来，就可以把成百上千的雇员和商业伙伴连接起来，并由此引来成千上万的客 户。此时，Web 就会使公司雇员工作效率更高、供货渠道更畅通、客户也更满意。如 果再把企业的事务处理系统与网络集成起来，那么企业就真正步入电子商务的王国。 此时， 客户不仅可以从企业数据库中浏览当前的产品信息， 还可以实时地购买和支付。 世界上许多公司正在把他们丰富的后台资源与 Web 进行集成，直接投入商业应用，从 而在全球范围内扩大商业合作伙伴和客户。 而互联网标准协议就是把信息技术转变为 具有巨大商业应用潜力的最先进的交互媒体。 The most valuable information for the enterprises include the customer database, the inventory record, the product information, the bank accounts and the security password, etc. These precious information fortunes are supporting the operation of an enterprise. The integration of all the information with its own websites can be connected with hundreds of employees and business partners which in turn will attract thousands of customers. Thus, Web will help improve the working efficiency of employees, provide smoother supply channel and satisfy the customers better. In addition, the integration of transaction processing system with network will enable the enterprise to enter the kingdom of9electronic commerce. Then, customers can not only browse the present product information in the enterprise’s database, but also purchase and pay online. Many companies in the world are now integrating their rich backstage resources with Web, and apply them in commerce so as to enlarge the number of global business partners and clients. The Internet standard protocol transforms information technology into the most advanced interactive media which possesses a great commerce application potential. ⑶ 电子商务的核心（The Core of E-commerce） 人是电子商务的核心。首先，电子商务是一个社会系统，社会系统的中心必然是 人；第二，商务系统实际上是由围绕商品交易的各方面代表和各方面利益的人所组成 的关系网；第三，在电子商务活动中，虽然常强调工具的作用，但归根结底起关键作 用的仍然是人，因为电子商务系统和工具的制造发明、工具的应用、效果的实现都是 靠人来完成的。所以，必须强调人在电子商务中的决定性作用。正因为人是电子商务 的主宰者，所以有必要考察什么样的人才合乎电子商务的要求。由于电子商务是现代 信息技术与商务的有机结合，因此一个国家、一个地区能否培养出大批能够掌握运用 电子商务理论与技术的复合型人才就成为该国、该地区发展电子商务的关键因素。 Man is the core of E-commerce. First, E-commerce is a social system in which human is bound to the center. Second, commerce system is actually the relationship network which is composed of representatives from many sectors and of many benefits focusing on the commodity transaction. Third, the functions of tools are often emphasized in the electronic commerce, but, after all, man plays the key role. Because both electronic commerce system and the invention, manufacture, application of tools, and the realization must rely on human beings, it is essential to emphasize the decisive role of human beings in electronic commerce. Man is the dominator of the electronic commerce, so it is necessary to inspect who fits for the requirements of electronic commerce. Because electronic commerce is the organic combination of information technology and commerce, for a country or a region the education of a large number of talents armed with electronic commerce theory and technology will be the key factor of electronic commerce development in this country and this region. ⑷ 电子商务的支撑（The Support of E-commerce） 从字面意思上讲，凡应用电子工具（如电话、电报等）从事商务活动都可被称为 电子商务。但是，我们在此研究的是具有很强时代特色的高效率、低成本、高效益的 电子商务，所以电子工具指的是能跟上信息时代发展步伐的系列化、系统化的电子工 具。 “系列化”强调的是电子工具应该包括从商品需求咨询、商品配送、商品订货、 商品买卖、货款结算、商品售后服务等伴随商品生产、消费、再生产的全过程，如电 视、电话、电报、电传、电子数据交换（EDI） 、电子订货系统（EOS） 、自动销售系统10（POS） 、电子货币、电子商品配送系统、管理信息系统（MIS） 、决策支持系统（DSS） 等。 “系统化”强调的则是商品的需求、生产、交换要形成一个有机整体，构成一个 大系统。同时，为防止“市场失灵” ，还要将政府对商品生产、交换的调控引入该系 统。能实现此目的的电子工具主要有：局域网（LAN） 、城市网（CAN）和广域网（WAN） ， 或通信网、计算机网和信息网等，实现纵横相连、宏微结合、反映灵敏、安全可靠的 电子网络， 以使大到国家间小到零售商与顾客间都能方便、 可靠地进行电子商务活动。 Literarily, all the commercial activities using the electronic tools (such as telephone, telegraph, etc.) can be called electronic commerce. However, electronic commerce herein is that with high efficiency, low cost, great benefit and a strong merit of information era, so the electronic tools are the serialized and systematized ones that can keep up with the development of the information era. What &serialized& emphasizes is that electronic tools should be applied to the whole process of the commodity demands consultation, distribution, ordering, buying and selling, payments and after-sales service along with commodity production, consumption and reproduction, These electronic tools include television, telephone, telegraph, telex, Electronic Data Interchange(EDI), Electronic Ordering System(EOS), Point Of Sales(POS), electronic currency, the electronic goods distribution system, Management Information System (MIS), Decision Support System (DSS) etc. What &systematized& emphasizes is that the demand, the production and the exchange of goods should form an organic whole and a big system. To prevent &market failure&, it is necessary to introduce the government's regulation and control over the production and exchange of goods into this system. The electronic tools achieving this goal include Local Area Network (LAN), Cities Area Network (CAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN), or communication net, computer net and information net, etc., which realize the freely connections, combined macro-micro networks, sensitive response and secure electronic network. Thus entities large as a country and small a retailer or a customer can engage in the electronic commercial activities conveniently and reliably. ⑸ 电子商务的中心（The Center of E-commerce） 电子商务的中心是商务活动。从社会再生产发展的环节看，在生产、流通、分配、 交换和消费这个链条中，发展变化最快、最灵活的就是流通、分配和交换这三个中间 环节。这些中间环节又可以看成是以商品交换为中心来展开的，即商品的生产主要是 为了交换――用商品的使用价值去换取商品的价值。交换连接了生产和消费等活动。 以商品交易为中心的各种经济事务活动统称为商务活动。以电子为工具进行商务活 动，可以大幅度减少不必要的商品流动、物资流动、人员流动和货币流动，减少商品 经济的盲目性，减少有限物质资源、能源资源的消耗和浪费。以商品贸易为中心的商 务活动有两种方法来描述：第一，从商品的需求咨询到计划购买、订货、付款、结算、11配送和售后服务等整个活动过程；第二，从社会再生产的整个过程中除去典型的商品 生产、商品在途运输和储存等过程的绝大部分活动过程（扣除法） 。 The center of electronic commerce is the commercial activities. From the perspective of social reproduction process, circulation, distribution, and exchange are the fastest developing and the most flexible three intermediate links in the chain of production, circulation, distribution, exchange and consumption. Commodity exchange is the center of these intermediate links. Goods are produced for exchange, which means the use value of a commodity is exchanged with its value. The exchange links up the activities of production and consumption. Every kind of the economic activities centered on commodities exchange can be generally called the commerce. The commerce conducted with the electronic tools can reduce unnecessary flows of commodities and material, personnel and currency, and also reduce the blindness of commodity economy, and reduce the consumption and waste of the limited material resources and energy resources. There are two ways to explain the commerce centered on the commodity exchange. The first one is the entire process (enumeration, demonstration) from the commodity demands consultation, order, payment, billing, distribution and after-sales service. The second one is that majority part of the process apart from the typical goods production, transportation and storage process during the entire social production process (deduction method). 2． 电子商务的外延（The Extension of Electronic Commerce） 由电子商务的定义和内涵， 可以分析出电子商务的外延主要体现在电子工具的发 展、商品范畴和商务活动的扩展三个方面。 From the definition and the connotation of electronic commerce, we can understand that the extension of electronic commerce is mainly reflected in the following three aspects: the development of electronic tools, commodity category and the expansion of commercial activity. ⑴ 电子工具的发展（The Development of Electronic Tools） 以计算机为核心的电子信息技术是当今发展最为迅速的技术， 由此形成的新工具 也是更新换代最快的工具，主要体现在三个方面:第一，计算机的发展正呈现出多面 性和多样性；第二，20 世纪 80 年代末兴起的网络技术革命，使得电子工具网络化成 为当今 IT 发展的主要特色；第三，随着电子元器件开发技术的迅速发展，光学元器 件正逐步实用化。电子工具的发展方向是数字化、网络化、智能化和集成化。 The electronic information technology taken computer as the core is the most rapidly developed technology today, and the new tools based on computer is also the quickest renewed tools. This mainly demonstrates in three aspects. First, the development of computer is presenting its versatility and multiplicity. Second, along with the sprouting of network technology revolution at the end of the 1980s, electronic network constitutes the12main feature of information technology development. Third, with the rapid development of electronic components, optical components became more and more practical. The direction of electronic tools is digitization, networking, intellectualization and integration. ⑵ 商品范畴的扩展（The Expansion of Commodity Category） 现代社会的一个重要特点就是商品的多样性。一方面，社会生活与生产必需品由 供不应求到供需基本平衡再到大部分商品供大于求， 人们在生活中可选商品已多种多 样。另一方面，许多以前不当作商品而只作为产品的物品已变为商品，如各种生产原 材料、物资等，现都已归属商品的范畴。再一方面，在市场经济中商品的范畴还由一 般商品向生产要素扩展，向劳动力商品、技术商品、科技商品、资本金融商品和商标 商品等有形、无形商品扩展。 An important feature of modern society is the multiplicity of commodity. On one hand，the necessity of social life and production shifts from lack of supply to basic balance between supply and demand and then to demand exceeding supply. There are a great variety of goods for people to choose from. On the other hand, goods that were previously not commodities now become commodities. Various materials for production have been categorized as commodities. Furthermore, the category of commodity in the market economy is expanding from the general commodity to the production elements, and to the tangible and intangible commodities, such as labor force, technology, science, capital finance and trademark. ⑶ 商务活动的扩展（The Expansion of Commerce） ① 商务活动一体化。由于电子商务是基于信息网络和信息社会的，所以电子商 务的活动领域可以形成从政府到市场，从市场到生产，从市场到消费者的多方面网络 化联系。各地的市场互联就可以形成全国统一的、规范的、竞争有序的大市场，形成 花费少、见效快、效率高的商务活动网络，最大可能地实现需求、生产和交换的透明 化、 一体化， 形成以现代商务活动为中心的社会再生产新秩序。 在电子商务的引导下， 通过需求与生产的对话可以大幅度促进生产的集约化和虚拟化，并超前探索、减少风 险，提高整个社会再生产的效率和效益。 The commerce is integrated into a whole. Since electronic commerce is based on the information network and the information society, the sectors of electronic activities can establish networking connections between government and the market, between the market and production, between the market and consumers. The connection of many local markets can induce the formation of a unified, standardized, huge market with orderly competitions. The formation of less expensive, more effective and efficient commerce network can help realize the transparency and uniform of the demand, production and exchange to the greatest extent. Thus the new order of social reproduction centered on the modern13commerce will come into being. Under the guide of electronic commerce, intensification and virtualization of production can be accelerated to the maximum via the dialogues between demand and production. The efficiency and benefit of the reproduction of the whole society can be enhanced by exploring in advance and reducing risks. ② 市场建设统一化。将散布在全国的各类批发、零售市场用电子工具将其连结 起来，形成统一、规范、竞争和有序的商品大市场，让电子商务活动在其间充分地开 展，发挥其应有的作用。 The market can be built into unified one. With electronic tools, a huge market of commodities can be built into a unified, standardized, competitive and orderly one by connecting wholesaling markets and retailing markets in the whole country. In this market, electronic commerce develops fully and bring its functions into play. ③ 市场监督强制化。电子商务的快速、虚拟、隐蔽等特性使得市场监督显得更 加重要。如对电子期货市场，电子股票证券发行交易市场等，国家证监委就发挥着非 常重要的作用。由于隐蔽的特点，其公开性和透明性就必然要有强有力的组织机构来 保障，以保证市场秩序、交易过程、交易行为的正确，确保交易商品的保质保量等。 The market supervision will become compulsory. The fast, virtual and concealed features of electronic commerce make the market supervision more important. For instance, the National Securities Regulatory Commission plays a very important role in supervision over the electronic futures market and electronic stock and bond issue and transaction market. Due to its concealed feature, its openness and transparency must be ensured by a powerful institution. In this way, the proper market order, transaction process and transaction behavior and the quantity and quality of the commodity transaction can be guaranteed. 1.1.3 电子商务的功能特性（E-commerce Functional Features） 1． 电子商务的功能（The Functions of E-commerce） 电子商务的系统功能主要包括内容管理、协同处理 和交易服务。三者之间相互交叉，组成一个有机整体， 如图 1-2 所示。 The system functions of electronic commerce mainly include content management, coordinative processing and transaction services. The three functions intersect with one another and constitute into an organic whole as is shown in Figure 1-2. ⑴ 内容管理（Content Management）Transaction servicesContent ManagementCoordinative processing图 1-2 电子商务的功能组成14内容管理是指内部和外部信息的综合管理， 包括从对外发布的网站信息到财务数 据、客户数据一类的内部保密信息，建立以分布式数据库为基础的动态实时管理。具 体包括：①对企业的信息进行分类管理。②提供 Web 上的信息发布，并更新发布的信 息。③提供与产品和服务相关的信息。④支持企业内部信息的共享，并通过互联网将 企业决策传递给雇员、客户、供应商和业务伙伴。 The content management refers to the comprehensive management of the internal and the external information. It includes the information issued to the websites and the internal secret information of the financial data and consumers' data. A dynamic real-time management is built on the basis of the distributed database. Specifically, the information of an enterprise is managed according to classification. The web information is provided and updated. Relevant information about products and services is provided. The internal information of an enterprise is shared, and the enterprise policy is transmitted to employees, customers, suppliers and business partners via the Internet. ⑵ 协同处理（Coordinative Processing） 支持群体人员的协同工作，具体内容包括：①通信系统，包括电子邮件和信息系 统。②企业内部资源管理，包括人力资源、资金、设备和材料等。③企业内部网和外 联网。将企业内部各组织紧密地联系在一起，并与供应商、制造商及企业合作伙伴共 享信息和进行流水作业。 The coordination of the group members contains ： ① communication system, including email and information system；② the internal resources management of an enterprise, including personnel resources, fund, facilities and materials；③ intranet and extranet. Connecting all departments closely inside the enterprise, and sharing the information with suppliers, manufacturers, and partners to conduct streamlined operations. ⑶ 交易服务（Transaction Services） 交易服务完成网上交易， 并提供交易前、 交易中和交易后的各种服务， 具体包括： ①提供可供交易的产品和目录；②订单处理，如接受客户订单、签订交易合同、进行 网上支付。③提供售后服务。 The transaction services can realize online transaction, and provide services before, during and after the transaction, which includes：① providing product catalogues for the transaction, ②order processing, such as accepting the clients’ order, signing the contract and proceeding the online payment, ③ providing after-sales services. 2． 电子商务的特征（The Features of E-commerce） 从应用的角度，电子商务具有以下特性： From the application of electronic commerce, it has the following features.15⑴ 商务性。这是电子商务的本质特性，即提供买、卖交易的服务、手段和机会。 Commerce is the essential feature of electronic commerce, namely, providing buying and selling services, medium and chances. ⑵ 服务性。电子商务作为一种新的交易方式，必须有相应的服务作为支撑。电 子商务环境下交易的大多数仍然是传统的商品，商品没有变，但服务却发生了变化。 通过更完善的服务满足客户的需求，提高客户的满意度，是开展电子商务的关键。 Corresponding services must be provided in the new mode of transaction of electronic commerce. Most of the commodities transacted in the electronic commerce environment are the traditional goods which have not been changed, but the services have. The key to developing electronic commerce is to satisfy the clients’ demands with improved services. ⑶ 安全性。安全性是电子商务发展和应用的必然要求，同时又是目前制约电子 商务发展的重要因素。 The security is a surely demand with the development and the application of electronic commerce. It is also an important factor to restrict its development currently. ⑷ 协调性。商务活动是一种协调过程，它需要雇员、客户、生产方、供货方以 及商务伙伴间的协调。为提高效率，许多组织都提供了交互式的协议，电子商务活动 可以在这些协议的基础上进行。 Commerce is a coordinative process in which employees, customers, producers, supplier and other business partner must coordinate. In order to enhance efficiency, many organizations provide interactive protocol on which all the electronic commerce can be conducted. ⑸ 集成性。电子商务的集成性在于能规范事务处理的工作流程，将各种事务处 理组成一个有机的整体。 The integration of electronic commerce lies in the standardization of the workflow which integrated the processing of various affaires into an organic whole. ⑹ 可扩展性。企业运用电子商务是一个循序渐进的过程。企业电子商务的解决 方案必须随着客户群的变化、企业业务的发展，以及市场环境和管理环境的变化进行 扩展或调整。 Extension is another feature of electronic commerce. Enterprise's application of the electronic commerce is a step-by-step process. The solution of enterprise electronic commerce should be expanded or adjusted with the change of clients, the development of enterprise business, and the change of the market and management environment.1.2 电子商务的产生与发展（E-commerce Emergence and Development）电子商务是国际商务活动发展的必然要求， 国际商务是电子商务发展的第一推动16力。计算机科学与通信科学的发展为电子商务的产生奠定了物质基础，信息安全技术 的发展使建立在计算机技术与通信技术基础上的电子商务能够安全地进行， 电子商务 有关法律的制定保证了电子商务活动的法律秩序。 The development of the international commercial activities calls for electronic commerce and is the first impetus for the development of electronic commerce. The development of computer science and communication science establish the material basis for the emergence of electronic commerce. The development of information security technology enables the safe proceeding of the electronic commerce based on the computer technology and communication technology. Legislation regarding electronic commerce ensures the legal order of the electronic commercial activities. 1.2.1 电子商务的发展过程（The Developing Process of E-commerce） 迄今为止，电子商务的发展经历了基于传统 EDI 的电子商务、基于互联网上的电 子商务和目前的 E 概念的电子商务三个阶段，如图 1-3 所示。 Up to now, the development of electronic commerce has experienced three stages which are separately based on the traditional EDI, the Internet and the present E concept as is shown in Figure 1-3.Tradition CommenceEC Based-on EDI EC Based-on EDI EC Based-on EC Based-on Internet Internet E-Concept EC E-Concept EC图 1-3 电子商务的发展过程第一阶段：基于 EDI 的电子商务阶段（The First stage: E-commerce based on EDI） EDI 起源于 20 世纪 60 年代，80 年代发达国家的大型企业基本上都实现了 EDI， 我国的 EDI 始于 20 世纪 80 年代。EDI 是将业务文件按一个公认的标准从一台计算机 传输到另一台计算机的电子传输方法。 由于 EDI 这种信息传输方法大大减少了纸张票 据的数量，因此，人们曾形象地称 EDI 为“无纸贸易”或“无纸交易” 。20 世纪 90 年代前的大多数 EDI 都不通过互联网，而是通过租用的电线在专用增值网（VAN）上 实现。EDI 是电子商务的初级阶段。 EDI originated in the 1960s. And almost all the large enterprises in developed countries had realized EDI in the 1980s. EDI in our country started the 1980s. EDI is electronic transmission of business documents from one computer to another according to an authorized standard. Because of EDI, the transmission of information has greatly reduced the quantity of paper bills. We have once called EDI vividly as &the paperless trade& or &the paperless transaction&. Before the 1990s, most EDI were not realized via the17Internet, but via the value-added network (VAN) with the rented electric wire. EDI was the initial stage of electronic commerce. 第二阶段：基于互联网的电子商务阶段（Second stage: E-commerce based on the Internet） EDI 的运用，使得单证和文件处理的劳动强度、出错率和费用大为降低，效率大 为提高，极大地推动了国际贸易的发展，显示出巨大的优势和强大的生命力。由于 EDI 通信系统的建立需要较大的投资，使用 VAN 的费用很高，因此限制了基于 EDI 的 电子商务应用范围的扩大，而且 EDI 对于信息共享的考虑较少，比较适合大型跨国公 司。随着大型跨国公司对信息共享的需求增加和中小公司对 EDI 的渴望，迫切需要建 立一种新的成本低廉、能够实现信息共享的电子信息交换系统。 The application of EDI lowers the labor intensity, error rate and the cost of handling bills and files, improves the efficiency, promotes international trade greatly, and demonstrates its great advantage and powerful vitality. That large investment in the construction of EDI communication system and the high expanses of VAN restricted the expansion of electronic commerce application based on EDI. Moreover, EDI considers less information sharing so it is comparatively suitable to the large transnational corporations. With the increasing demand of information sharing by large transnational corporations and the desire for EDI from the small and medium-size companies, it is urgent to establish an electronic information exchanging system which costs less and can realize information sharing. 20 世纪 90 年代中期以后，互联网的迅速普及使其逐步从象牙塔走向企业和寻常 百姓家，其功能也从信息共享演变为一种大众化的信息传播工具。1991 年以后，一 直排斥在互联网之外的商业贸易活动正式进入到这个王国， 使电子商务成为互联网应 用的最大热点。互联网也借助于商业应用而迅速发展。例如，以直接面对消费者的网 络直销模式闻名的美国戴尔公司、网络新贵亚马逊网上书店、雅虎搜索引擎、淘宝网 站、易趣个人对个人的拍卖网站等，都是利用电子商务获得了巨大的成功。 After the middle 1990s, the Internet's rapid popularization made it enter enterprises and the common homes from the ivory tower. Its function also evolved from information sharing to the tools of transmitting information. After 1991, commerce which used to be exclusive from the Internet has entered this kingdom formally, and electronic commerce became the center of public attention in the Internet application. The Internet also develops rapidly with the help of the commerce application. For example, the Dell Company in the United States which is famous for its network direct selling to consumers, the network upstart Amazon Online Bookstore, the search engine Yahoo, some C2C auction websites such as www.taobao.com and www.eBay.com.cn have obtained a huge success in18electronic commerce. 基于互联网的电子商务之所以对企业产生如此大的吸引力，是因为它比基于 EDI 的电子商务具有以下一些明显的优势： ①费用低廉： 开放性的互联网使用费用很便宜， 一般来说，其费用不到 VAN 的 1/4；②覆盖面广：互联网几乎遍及全球的各个角落， 用户通过普通电话线就可以方便地与贸易伙伴传递商业信息和文件；③功能更全面： 互联网可以全面支持不同类型的用户实现不同层次的商务目标，如发布电子商情、在 线洽谈、建立虚拟商店或网上银行等；④使用更灵活：基于互联网的电子商务可以不 受特殊数据交换协议的限制， 任何商业文件或单证可以直接通过填写与现行的纸面单 证格式一致的屏幕单证来完成，不需要再进行翻译，任何人都能看懂或直接使用。 The electronic commerce based on the Internet attracts enterprises so much, because it has more obvious advantages than the electronic commerce based on EDI. ①Low cost. The cost of the opening Internet is very low. Generally speaking, the cost is less than a quarter of VAN. ②Broad coverage. The Internet spreads nearly every Users can transmit the commercial information and files to their business partners conveniently via a phone line. ③ All-sided functions. The Internet supports different types of users to realize their commerce goals at the different levels, such as publishing electronic business information, negotiating online, establishing virtual shops or on-line banks, etc. ④More flexible usage: The electronic commerce based on the Internet is not limited by any special data exchange protocol. Any commercial files or bills can be written directly on screen whose form is identical with present paper bills. It is not necessary to translate it and can be understood and used directly. 基于互联网的电子商务， 最初主要是利用互联网的电子邮件功能进行日常商务通 信，后来发展到利用互联网进行信息发布。从 1995 年起，企业逐渐突破用电子邮件 进行日常通信的应用范围，而是依靠互联网发布企业信息，使公众可以通过互联网了 解企业的全部情况，并直接通过网络获得企业的产品和有关的服务。以 Web 技术为代 表的信息发布系统迅速发展起来，成为互联网的主要应用。 At first, the electronic commerce based on the Internet accomplished daily business communication by using the function of the Internet email. Then it made use of the Internet to publish information. Since 1995, enterprises have broken through the application scope of using email to carry out the daily communication. They began to publish the enterprise information on the Internet. The public can acquire all information of an enterprise through Internet and can purchase products and services of the enterprise directly through Internet. The information publishing system represented by Web technology has become the major application of the Internet. 第三阶段：E 概念电子商务阶段（Third Stage: E-commerce of E-concept）19自 2000 年初以来，人们对于电子商务的认识，逐渐由电子商务扩展到 E 概念的 高度，人们认识到电子商务实际上就是电子信息技术同商务应用的结合。而电子信息 技术不但可以和商务活动结合，而且还可以和医疗、教育、卫生、军事、政府等有关 的应用领域结合，从而形成有关领域的 E 概念。电子信息技术同教育结合，产生出电 子教务――远程教育；电子信息技术和医疗结合，产生出电子医务――远程医疗；电 子信息技术同政务结合，产生出电子政务；电子信息技术同军务联系，产生了电子军 务――远程指挥；电子信息技术和金融结合，产生出在线银行；电子信息技术与企业 组织形式结合形成虚拟企业，等等。对应于不同的 E 概念，产生了不同的电子商务模 式。随着电子信息技术的发展和社会需要的不断提高，人们会不断地为电子信息技术 找到新的应用，必将产生有越来越多的 E 概念,人类社会也将进入真正的 E 时代。 Since the beginning of 2000, people’s understanding of electronic commerce has been upgraded from electronic commerce to E-concept. People realized that electronic commerce is actually the combination of electronic information technology and the commerce application. And electronic information technology can combine with not only the commerce, but also the application fields of the medical care, education, health, military and government, thus forming the E-concept of relevant domains. The combination of electronic information technology and education results in the electronic education－remote education. Its combination with medical care results in the electronic medical profession－distant medical care. Its combination with government administration results in the electronic government. Its combination with military affairs results in the electronic military affairs－distant commanding. Its combination with finance results in the online bank. Its combination with enterprise organization structure results in virtual enterprise, and so on. Different E-concept forms different electronic commerce model. With the development of electronic information technology and growing social demands, people will find the new applications for electronic information technology. There will be more and more E concepts, and then human society will enter a true E-era. 1.2.2 电子商务的发展现状（The Current Situation of E-commerce） 1． 电子商务在国外的发展（The Development of E-commerce Overseas） ⑴ 北美地区（North America） 美国是电子商务开展最早的国家， 其电子商务应用领域和规模都远远领先于其他 国家，这主要得益于极为顺畅的“信息高速公路”的建设。 American is the first country who developed the electronic commerce. It led other countries in scopes and scales of electronic commerce applications. And this mainly20benefits from the establishment of the very smooth &information highway&. 美国政府在促进互联网的普及和发展上可谓不遗余力。 在最初互联网商业活动还 不充分时，政府出钱使互联网免费运行，直到互联网步入正轨，能自行良性快速发展 壮大为止。从 1997 年 1 月 1 日起政府利用网络采购，更是将美国电子商务推上了高 速发展列车，并为之制订了紧迫的时间表。1997 年 5 月，当时的美国总统克林顿公 布了一项政策，即互联网免税区（Tax Free Zone） ，在全球范围内通过互联网所购、 销的商品不加税，包括关税和商业税。这个政策很快得到了加拿大、日本、欧洲等国 的不同程度的支持。从 1999 年开始，美国的电子电器、汽车、钢铁等行业的巨头们 就已经开始实施网上采购计划。从 2002 年起，美国与世界各国、各地区的贸易不再 采取传统的文本交换，而采用电子贸易数据。在美国，以电子商务为主要内容的美国 互联网产业每年都以 174%的年均增长率发展。其中，B2C 涉及的领域十分广泛，如股 票交易、PC、Modem、金融、中介服务、鲜花、礼品等；而 B2B 大多发生在企业之间 的大宗交易中，如电子元器件、会计服务、商业抵押、证券、电机、网络产品、解决 方案等。电子商务触及各个行业、各种商品和各类服务，发展速度十分迅速，规模不 断扩大。但是，全球电子商务发展很不平衡，美国因开展得早，基础设施完善，人们 的消费观念、方式进步，并积累了大量的经验，因此始终占据着主导地位，占电子商 务市场 79.1%的份额。 The United States government spared no efforts to accelerate the popularization and development of the Internet. When there were not much commercial activities on the Internet, the U.S. government invested money for free operation of the Internet until it entered in orbit and could develop automatically and healthily. From January 1, 1997, the government adopted the network purchase which pushed the U.S. electronic commerce up to an &express train& and formulated an urgent timetable for it. In May, 1997, the former U.S. president Clinton issued a policy &Tax Free Zone& stating no tax (customs duty and sales tax) for buying or selling via the Internet for the whole world. This policy was supported by some countries like Canada, Japan and some European countries. Since 1999, the magnates of different sectors, such as electrical appliances, automobiles, and steel, etc., began their online purchase plan. Since 2002, America had adopted the electronic trade data do business with other countries and regions in the world instead of the traditional document exchange. In the United States, Internet industry mainly relying on the electronic commerce has increased at an average rate of 174% each year. In the U.S. electronic commerce, B2C covers a wide range, such as the stock transaction, PC, Modem, finance, the agent services, flowers and gifts, etc. B2B are mostly the large transactions between enterprises, such as the electronic components, accounting services, the financial mortgage, bonds, electric machinery, network products and solutions, etc. The electronic commerce21spreads into different sectors, different commodity and kinds of services, and develops at a high speed and on a big scale. However, the global electronic commerce does not develop in a balanced way. The U.S. electronic commerce always dominates this industry, because it develops quite early, the infrastructure in the U.S. is already quite perfect and people there have the advanced consumption ideas and ways. U.S. has accumulated a great deal of experiences. Hence, it takes up 79.1% of the electronic commerce market. 加拿大电信网络化的发展也很快,其“信息高速公路”的建设程度并不亚于美国。 加拿大计算机普及率相当高，这都是加拿大开展电子商务的良好外部条件。加拿大政 府非常重视电子商务的推广和应用，很早就成立了电子商务委员会，该委员会是负责 电子商务试点、 法律框架筹备等事务的协调机构， 加拿大还利用北美自由贸易区之便， 与美国在电子商务实施过程中进行广泛合作。 加拿大采取的主要措施包括： 强化安全、 保护隐私及消费者权益； 确保电子商务的法律环境； 尽快健全其国内的电子商务秩序。 The telecommunication network in Canada also develops very fast. Its &information highway& construction is not inferior to that of the United States. Computer is extremely popular in Canada, and this is a very good external condition for Canada to develop its electronic commerce. Canadian government is greatly concerned with the promotion and application of electronic commerce and set up Electronic Commerce Committee which is responsible for the coordination of the electronic commerce pilot projects, and the preparation of legislation. Canada also cooperates with the United States in electronic commerce, by taking advantage of the North American Free Trade Zone. The measures that Canada adopts include strengthening security, the protection of privacy and consumers, ensuring the legal environment of electronic commerce, and improving its domestic electronic commerce order as soon as possible. ⑵ 欧洲地区（Europe） 为了改善互联网的环境、普及电子商务，欧盟采取了一系列措施：①建立了一个 用于在欧盟内部进行研究与合作的先进的泛欧网，并大幅度提高网络传输速度；②建 立了一个完善可靠的、以电子方式支付的金融机构和税收环境；③在欧盟各成员国间 达成大力发展电子商务的共识；④1996 年欧盟设立了一个工作小组来统筹欧洲的电 子商务行动；⑤1997 年 4 月，欧盟出台了《欧洲电子商务行动方案》 ；⑥1999 年 12 月，欧盟 15 国负责欧洲统一市场的部长通过了一项电子商务统一法规。 In order to improve the Internet environment and popularize electronic commerce, European Union has taken a series of measures: establish an advanced European net for the research and cooperation within the European Union, and speed up the
set up a healthy and reliable finance organization adopting the electronic payment and a
reach the consensus on developing the electronic22commerce energetically among each European U in 1996, European Union set up a team to make an overall plan for European electr in April, 1997, European Union issued the European Initiative on Electronic C in December, 1999, the ministers of 15 European Union member states who were in charge of the common European market have passed a uniform law on electronic commerce. ⑶ 亚洲地区（Asia） 目前，亚洲地区新兴的电子商务市场主要集中在日本、新加坡、韩国、中国及台 湾、香港等国家和地区。这些国家和地区的电信网络较发达，互联网技术迅速发展， 电脑普及率及个人收入均较高，政府对电子商务大力支持。这些有利因素使得亚洲各 国及地区的企业对电子商务新兴市场的前景持乐观态度， 这大大改变了亚洲企业的经 营方式及企业与消费者之间的互动关系，创造全新的行销模式。 At present, Asian markets of the newly springing electronic commerce are mainly in Japan, Singapore, South Korea, China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. In these countries and regions, the telecommunication networks is compa the Internet te computers are popular and individual incomes are comparatively high, and their governments support electronic commerce greatly. All these advantageous factors make enterprises in countries and regions of Asia to keep an optimistic attitude towards the prospect of the newly springing electronic commerce markets. This has changed the business modes of the Asian enterprises and the interaction between enterprises and consumers. A brand-new marketing pattern is being created. 2.电子商务在国内的发展（The E-commerce Development in China） 我国电子商务的发展可以追溯到 20 世纪 90 年代初。1991 年，国务院电子信息 系统推广应用办公室牵头，发起成立“中国促进EDI应用协调小组”，标志着电子商 务已经在我国起步。1996 年成立国务院信息化工作领导小组；同年，中国国际电子 商务中心成立；1999 年是我国电子商务发展的关键一年，在制定电子商务框架的同 时，政府采取了许多切实可行的措施，推动电子商务的发展，特别是在年初启动的政 府上网工程，为电子商务的发展奠定了坚实的社会基础。 ；2000 年我国电子商务再上 一个新的台阶，2000 年 1 月 12 日，国家经贸委和信息产业部共同发起“企业信息化 工程”，把企业电子商务建设作为一项重要工作内容，并启动中国国家重点企业电子 商务网站，与此同时，还启动了企业上网工程；2000 年 2 月，我国颁布了《中国电 子商务发展战略纲要》 纲要是我国企业利用互联网进行电子商务活动的指导性文件； ， 2000 年 6 月，中国电子商务协会在京成立。2001 年 2 月，中国电子商务协会在京主 办第一届“中国电子商务安全认证技术高级研讨会” 。2004 年 8 月，《中华人民共和 国电子签名法》 出台。 2005 年 1 月信息产业部发布了 《电子认证服务管理办法》 2005 。23年 12 月，国务院颁发了《关于加快电子商务发展的若干意见》 。 China’s electronic commerce development dated back to the early 1990s. In 1991, under the leadership of the Electronic Information Promotion and Application Office of the State Council, Chinese EDI Application, Promotion and Coordination Group set up. That marked the first step of electronic commerce in China. In 1996, the State Council Information Work Leading Group set up，the International Electronic Commerce Center of P.R.C. was founded. The year 1999 was the most important year for China’s electronic commerce development. While framing the electronic commerce, the government adopted many feasible measures to promote the development of especially the Government Online Project started at the beginning of the year would establish the solid social base for the development of electronic commerce. In 2000, China’s electronic commerce moved up to a new level. On January 12, 2000, the State Economy and Trade Committee and Ministry of Information Industry launched the Enterprise Information Project, taking the construction of the enterprise electronic commerce as a very important task, and also started the national key enterprise electronic commerce websites. Meanwhile, the Enterprise Online Project was launched. In February, 2000, the Electronic Commerce Developmental Strategic Compendium of P.R.C was enacted. It is the guiding document for China’s enterprises to develop their electronic commercial activities via the Internet. In June, 2000, the Electronic Commerce Association was founded. In February, 2001, the Electronic Commerce Association held the first &High-level Seminar on Electronic Commerce Security Certificate Authentication Technology” in Beijing. In August, 2004, Electronic Signatures Law of the People’s Republic of China was issued. In January, 2005, the Ministry of Information Industry issued the Measures for the Administration of Electronic Authentication Service. In December, 2005, the State Council issued the Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Electronic Commerce. 1.2.3 电子商务的发展趋势（The Trend of the E-commerce Development） 我们可以从电子商务的理论、技术、应用三个方面分析电子商务的发展趋势。 We can look at the trend of E-commerce development from three aspects: E-commerce theory, E-commerce technology and E-commerce application. ⒈ 电子商务理论的发展（The Development of E-commerce Theory） 电子商务对整个人类来说都是一个新生事物。 电子商务的产生将挑战人类到目前 为止所形成的知识体系、法律体系、价值体系、社会组织体系。随着电子商务技术的 发展，将会出现许多基于电子商务体系的新的知识体系、法律体系、价值体系、社会 组织体系理论。比如在传统经济条件下的经济学，对于资源、商品、价值、价格、社24会必要劳动时间、商品交换的规律等指导经济活动的规律，都有一套成熟的理论和计 算方法。这些理论在网络经济环境下将不再适用，人们将无法用传统的经济学理论来 揭示电子商务条件下的经济规律，取而代之的将是电子商务条件下的新的经济学。电 子商务的发展要有新的经济理论来指导，电子商务的发展又推动了新经济理论的产 生。可以预见，在不久的将来，将会建立起一套全新的电子商务理论体系。 Electronic commerce is new to all the human beings. The emergence of electronic commerce will challenge our existing knowledge system, law system, value system and society organization system. More new knowledge system, law system, value system and society organization system based on electronic commerce will emerge along with the development of electronic commerce technology. For instance, the economics under the traditional economic condition has a set of mature theories and computing methods for the guiding rules of economic activities such as resources, commodities, value, price, the social necessary labor time and the commodity exchange. These theories will be no longer applicable under the network economic environment. We can not reveal the economic rules under the electronic commerce condition with the traditional theories of economics. Instead, the new economics under the electronic commerce will emerge. The development of electronic commerce calls for a new theory as its guideline and promotes the emergence of the new economic theory. It can be predicted that a set of brand-new electronic commerce theory system will be established in the near future. 电子商务独特的运作方式向现有的商务规范模式提出了技术、 财务和交易安全等 方面的重大挑战，没有法律规范的电子商务将难以正常发展。及时制定并出台相应的 法律、法规，鼓励、引导和维护电子商务沿着健康轨道发展，成为当前中国立法工作 的一项重要任务。电子商务的发展对传统的法律体系提出了挑战，它推动着新的法律 体系的建立，而电子商务的发展又要靠新的法律体系来规范。 The special operation mode of electronic commerce challenges the aspects of technology, financial affairs and transaction security for the existing commercial standards. Electronic commerce cannot develop well without corresponding laws and statutes. It is an important task for the present legislation institutions to formulate and issue the corresponding laws and statutes to encourage, direct and maintain electronic commerce developing along the healthy orbit. The electronic commerce has proposed a challenge to the traditional jurisprudence system, and pushed forward the establishment of the new system. Moreover, the development of electronic commerce should be regulated by the new system. 电子商务必将引起新型的产业革命，在这次产业革命完成时，将会同时完成经济 理论、法律理论的革命，形成全新的电子商务经济学、电子商务法学、电子商务管理25学、电子商务组织学等电子商务条件下的理论体系。 Electronic commerce will certainly cause the new industrial revolution. When this industrial revolution completes the revolutions of the economic theory and the law theory will also be accomplished. A new theoretical system of electronic commerce economics, electronic commerce jurisprudence, electronic commerce management and the electronic commerce organization science, etc. will be established under the conditions of electronic commerce. ⒉ 电子商务技术的发展（The Development of E-commerce Technology） 从电子商务技术的发展来看， 如下几个方面出现面向对象整体的解决方案， 包括： From the development of the electronic commerce technology, several object-oriented entirety solutions are as follows: ⑴ 广泛采用计算机协同工作技术、依赖协同作业体系等。计算机协同工作将计 算机技术、网络通信技术、多媒体技术以及各种社会科学紧密地结合起来，向人们提 供一种全新的交流方式，包括工商、税务、银行、运输、商检、海关、外汇、保险、 电信、认证等部门以及商城、商户、企业、客户等单位，按一定的规范与程序相互配 合、相互衔接、协同工作，共同完成相关的电子商务活动。 The computer co-working technology and reliance on co-working system, etc. will be widely adopted. Computer co-working firmly connects computer technology, network communication technology, multi-media technology and every kind of social science. It provides people a brand-new communication way, including sections of industry a