3G 版 iPad 的 GPS 功能并不需要网络支持？ - 知乎44被浏览<strong class="NumberBoard-itemValue" title="1分享邀请回答58 条评论分享收藏感谢收起10添加评论分享收藏感谢收起写回答2 个回答被折叠（）手机 GPS 和车载 GPS 的区别在哪？ - 知乎315被浏览<strong class="NumberBoard-itemValue" title="6分享邀请回答11055 条评论分享收藏感谢收起638 条评论分享收藏感谢收起From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Assisted GPS
Assisted GPS (abbreviated generally as A-GPS and less commonly as aGPS) is a system that often significantly improves the startup performance—i.e.,
(TTFF)—of a
satellite-based positioning system. A-GPS is extensively used with GPS-capable , as its development was accelerated by the U.S. 's
to make cell phone location data available to emergency call dispatchers.
Standalone/self-ruling
depend solely on information from . A-GPS augments that by using cell tower data to enhance quality and precision when in poor satellite signal conditions. In exceptionally poor signal conditions, for example in urban areas, satellite signals may exhibit
where signals skip off structures, or are
by meteorological conditions or tree canopy. Some
used in poor conditions can't fix a position because of satellite
and must wait for better satellite reception. A GPS unit may need as long as 12.5 minutes (the time needed to download the ) to resolve the problem and be able to provide a correct location.
An assisted GPS system can address these problems by using external data. Utilizing this system can come at a cost to the user. For billing purposes, network providers often count this as a , which can cost money, depending on the plan.
To be precise, A-GPS features depend mostly on an internet network or connection to an
(or CNP, in the case of CP/mobile-phone device linked to a cellular network provider data service). A mobile (cell phone, smart phone) device with just an
and no GPS acquisition, tracking, and positioning engine only works when it has an internet connection to an ISP/CNP, where the position fix is calculated offboard the device itself. It doesn't work in areas with no coverage or internet link (or nearby BTS towers, in the case on CNP service coverage area). Without one of those resources, it can't connect to the A-GPS servers usually provided by CNPs. On the other hand, a mobile device with a GPS chipset requires no data connection to capture and process GPS data into a position solution, since it receives data directly from the GPS satellites and is able to calculate a position fix itself. However, the availability of a data connection can provide assistance to improve the performance of the GPS chip on the mobile device.
Assistance falls into two categories:
Mobile Station Based (MSB): Information used to acquire satellites more quickly.
It can supply
or almanac for the GPS satellites to the GPS receiver, enabling the GPS receiver to lock to the satellites more rapidly in some cases.
The network can provide precise time.
Mobile Station Assisted (MSA): Calculation of position by the server using information from the GPS receiver.
The device captures a snapshot of the GPS signal, with approximate time, for the server to later process into a position.
The assistance server has a good satellite signal and plentiful computation power, so it can compare fragmentary signals relayed to it.
Accurate, surveyed coordinates for the
towers allow better knowledge of local
conditions and other conditions affecting the GPS signal than the GPS receiver alone, enabling more precise calculation of position.
As an additional benefit, in mobile station assisted implementations, the amount of processing and software required for a GPS receiver can be reduced by offloading most of the work onto the assistance server.
A typical A-GPS-enabled receiver uses a data connection (Internet or other) to contact the assistance server for aGPS information. If it also has functioning autonomous GPS, it may use standalone GPS, which is sometimes slower on , but does not depend on the network, and therefore can work beyond network range and without incurring data-usage fees. Some A-GPS devices do not have the option of falling back to standalone or autonomous GPS.
Many mobile phones combine A-GPS and other location services, including
and sometimes a .
is an allied technology that addresses some of these issues in a way that does not require additional infrastructure. However, unlike some forms of A-GPS, high-sensitivity GPS cannot provide a fix instantaneously when the GPS receiver has been off for some time.
Standalone GPS provides first position in approximately 30–40 seconds. A standalone
needs orbital information of the satellites to calculate the current position. The data rate of the satellite signal is only 50 bit/s, so downloading orbital information like ephemerides and the almanac directly from satellites typically takes a long time, and if the satellite signals are lost during the acquisition of this information, it is discarded and the standalone system has to start from scratch. In A-GPS, the
deploys an A-GPS , a
for GPS data. These A-GPS servers download the orbital information from the satellite and store it in the database. An A-GPS-capable device can connect to these servers and download this information using mobile-network radio bearers such as , , ,
or even using other radio bearers such as . Usually the data rate of these bearers is high, hence downloading orbital information takes less time.
A-GPS has two modes of operation:
Mobile Station Assisted (MSA)
In MSA mode A-GPS operation, the A-GPS capable device receives acquisition assistance, reference time and other optional assistance data from a mobile service provider. The mobile service provider continuously logs GPS information (mainly the ) from the GPS satellites using an A-GPS server in its system. With the help of the above data (the data received from the mobile device and the data already present in A-GPS server) the A-GPS server calculates the position and sends it back to the A-GPS device.
Mobile Station Based (MSB)
In MSB mode A-GPS operation, the A-GPS device receives ephemeris, reference location, reference time and other optional assistance data from the A-GPS server. With the help of the above data, the A-GPS device receives signals from the visible satellites and calculates the position.
A-GPS protocols are part of Positioning Protocol defined by two different standardization bodies,
Control Plane Protocol
It is defined by 3GPP for various generations of mobile phone system. These protocols are defined for
Networks. Following positioning protocol has been defined.
– 3GPP defined RRLP or Radio resource location protocol to support positioning protocol on GSM networks.
TIA 801 –
family defined this protocol for CDMA 2000 networks.
RRC position protocol – 3GPP defined this protocol as part of the
standard for
LPP – 3GPP defined LPP or LTE positioning protocol for
User Plane Protocol
It is defined by OMA to support positioning protocols in
Networks. Two generations of User plane Protocol have evolved.
. GPS World. March 1, .
(PDF). Navcen.uscvg.gov.
Low, Aloysius. . CNET.
. Edepot.com. .
. Wpcentral.com. .